C backend: initial commit

all-deps/all-deps.iml

@@ -21,8 +21,6 @@
     <orderEntry type="module" module-name="teavm-samples-scala" exported="" />
     <orderEntry type="module" module-name="teavm-samples-storage" exported="" />
     <orderEntry type="module" module-name="teavm-samples-video" exported="" />
-    <orderEntry type="library" name="Maven: org.jetbrains.kotlin:kotlin-runtime:1.0.3" level="project" />
-    <orderEntry type="library" name="Maven: org.jetbrains.kotlin:kotlin-stdlib:1.0.3" level="project" />
   </component>
   <component name="teavm">
     <option name="mainClass" value="" />

classlib/src/main/java/org/teavm/classlib/PlatformDetector.java

@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+/*
+ *  Copyright 2018 Alexey Andreev.
+ *
+ *  Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ *  you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ *  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *       http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ *  Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ *  distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ *  WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ *  See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ *  limitations under the License.
+ */
+package org.teavm.classlib;
+
+import org.teavm.interop.PlatformMarker;
+import org.teavm.interop.PlatformMarkers;
+
+public final class PlatformDetector {
+    private PlatformDetector() {
+    }
+
+    @PlatformMarker(PlatformMarkers.WEBASSEMBLY)
+    public static boolean isWebAssembly() {
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    @PlatformMarker(PlatformMarkers.JAVASCRIPT)
+    public static boolean isJavaScript() {
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    @PlatformMarker(PlatformMarkers.C)
+    public static boolean isC() {
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    @PlatformMarker(PlatformMarkers.LOW_LEVEL)
+    public static boolean isLowLevel() {
+        return false;
+    }
+}

classlib/src/main/java/org/teavm/classlib/impl/JCLPlugin.java

@@ -84,7 +84,7 @@ public class JCLPlugin implements TeaVMPlugin {
             host.registerService(ReflectionDependencyListener.class, reflection);
             host.add(reflection);
 
-            host.add(new PlatformMarkerSupport());
+            host.add(new PlatformMarkerSupport(host.getPlatformTags()));
         }
 
         TeaVMPluginUtil.handleNatives(host, Class.class);

classlib/src/main/java/org/teavm/classlib/impl/PlatformMarkerSupport.java

@@ -17,6 +17,8 @@ package org.teavm.classlib.impl;
 
 import org.teavm.diagnostics.Diagnostics;
 import org.teavm.interop.PlatformMarker;
+import org.teavm.model.AnnotationReader;
+import org.teavm.model.AnnotationValue;
 import org.teavm.model.BasicBlock;
 import org.teavm.model.CallLocation;
 import org.teavm.model.ClassHolder;
@@ -41,6 +43,12 @@ import org.teavm.model.optimization.GlobalValueNumbering;
 import org.teavm.model.optimization.UnreachableBasicBlockElimination;
 
 public class PlatformMarkerSupport implements ClassHolderTransformer {
+    private String[] tags;
+
+    public PlatformMarkerSupport(String[] tags) {
+        this.tags = tags;
+    }
+
     @Override
     public void transformClass(ClassHolder cls, ClassReaderSource innerSource, Diagnostics diagnostics) {
         for (MethodHolder method : cls.getMethods()) {
@@ -123,6 +131,20 @@ public class PlatformMarkerSupport implements ClassHolderTransformer {
     }
 
     private boolean isMarker(MemberReader member) {
-        return member.getAnnotations().get(PlatformMarker.class.getName()) != null;
+        AnnotationReader annot = member.getAnnotations().get(PlatformMarker.class.getName());
+        if (annot == null) {
+            return false;
+        }
+        AnnotationValue value = annot.getValue("value");
+        if (value == null) {
+            return true;
+        }
+        String tagToMatch = value.getString();
+        for (String tag : tags) {
+            if (tag.equals(tagToMatch)) {
+                return true;
+            }
+        }
+        return false;
     }
 }

classlib/src/main/java/org/teavm/classlib/java/lang/TClass.java

@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ import org.teavm.platform.PlatformSequence;
 import org.teavm.platform.metadata.ClassResource;
 import org.teavm.platform.metadata.ClassScopedMetadataProvider;
 import org.teavm.runtime.RuntimeClass;
-import org.teavm.runtime.RuntimeJavaObject;
+import org.teavm.runtime.RuntimeObject;
 
 public class TClass<T> extends TObject implements TAnnotatedElement {
     TString name;
@@ -98,7 +98,7 @@ public class TClass<T> extends TObject implements TAnnotatedElement {
         return name;
     }
 
-    private RuntimeJavaObject getNameLowLevel() {
+    private RuntimeObject getNameLowLevel() {
         RuntimeClass runtimeClass = Address.ofObject(this).toStructure();
         return runtimeClass.name;
     }

classlib/src/main/java/org/teavm/classlib/java/lang/TObject.java

@@ -31,7 +31,6 @@ import org.teavm.platform.async.AsyncCallback;
 import org.teavm.runtime.Allocator;
 import org.teavm.runtime.RuntimeArray;
 import org.teavm.runtime.RuntimeClass;
-import org.teavm.runtime.RuntimeJavaObject;
 import org.teavm.runtime.RuntimeObject;
 
 @Superclass("")
@@ -210,17 +209,14 @@ public class TObject {
     }
 
     @SuppressWarnings("unused")
-    private static int identityLowLevel(RuntimeJavaObject object) {
-        if ((object.classReference & RuntimeObject.MONITOR_EXISTS) != 0) {
-            object = (RuntimeJavaObject) object.monitor;
-        }
-        int result = object.monitor.toAddress().toInt();
+    private static int identityLowLevel(RuntimeObject object) {
+        int result = object.hashCode;
         if (result == 0) {
-            result = RuntimeJavaObject.nextId++;
+            result = RuntimeObject.nextId++;
             if (result == 0) {
-                result = RuntimeJavaObject.nextId++;
+                result = RuntimeObject.nextId++;
             }
-            object.monitor = Address.fromInt(result).toStructure();
+            object.hashCode = result;
         }
         return result;
     }
@@ -238,11 +234,11 @@ public class TObject {
     }
 
     @SuppressWarnings("unused")
-    private static RuntimeJavaObject cloneLowLevel(RuntimeJavaObject self) {
+    private static RuntimeObject cloneLowLevel(RuntimeObject self) {
         RuntimeClass cls = RuntimeClass.getClass(self);
-        int skip = Structure.sizeOf(RuntimeJavaObject.class);
+        int skip = Structure.sizeOf(RuntimeObject.class);
         int size;
-        RuntimeJavaObject copy;
+        RuntimeObject copy;
         if (cls.itemType == null) {
             copy = Allocator.allocate(cls).toStructure();
             size = cls.size;

classlib/src/main/java/org/teavm/classlib/java/lang/TSystem.java

@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@ package org.teavm.classlib.java.lang;
 import java.util.Enumeration;
 import java.util.Properties;
 import org.teavm.backend.javascript.spi.GeneratedBy;
+import org.teavm.classlib.PlatformDetector;
 import org.teavm.classlib.java.io.TConsole;
 import org.teavm.classlib.java.io.TInputStream;
 import org.teavm.classlib.java.io.TPrintStream;
@@ -106,11 +107,18 @@ public final class TSystem extends TObject {
     public static native long currentTimeMillis();
 
     private static long currentTimeMillisLowLevel() {
-        return (long) currentTimeMillisImpl();
+        if (PlatformDetector.isWebAssembly()) {
+            return (long) currentTimeMillisWasm();
+        } else {
+            return (long) currentTimeMillisC();
+        }
     }
 
     @Import(name = "currentTimeMillis", module = "runtime")
-    private static native double currentTimeMillisImpl();
+    private static native double currentTimeMillisWasm();
+
+    @Import(name = "currentTimeMillis")
+    private static native long currentTimeMillisC();
 
     private static void initPropertiesIfNeeded() {
         if (properties == null) {

classlib/src/main/java/org/teavm/classlib/java/lang/TThrowable.java

@@ -109,7 +109,7 @@ public class TThrowable extends RuntimeException {
     private TThrowable fillInStackTraceLowLevel() {
         int stackSize = ExceptionHandling.callStackSize() - 1;
         stackTrace = new TStackTraceElement[stackSize];
-        ExceptionHandling.fillStackTrace((StackTraceElement[]) (Object) stackTrace, 2);
+        ExceptionHandling.fillStackTrace((StackTraceElement[]) (Object) stackTrace);
         return this;
     }
 

core/src/main/java/org/teavm/ast/Mangling.java

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- *  Copyright 2016 Alexey Andreev.
+ *  Copyright 2018 Alexey Andreev.
  *
  *  Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  *  you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -13,15 +13,17 @@
  *  See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
  *  limitations under the License.
  */
-package org.teavm.backend.wasm.generate;
+package org.teavm.ast;
 
 import java.util.Arrays;
 import java.util.stream.Collectors;
+import org.teavm.model.FieldReference;
+import org.teavm.model.MethodDescriptor;
 import org.teavm.model.MethodReference;
 import org.teavm.model.ValueType;
 
-public final class WasmMangling {
-    private WasmMangling() {
+public final class Mangling {
+    private Mangling() {
     }
 
     public static String mangleIsSupertype(ValueType type) {
@@ -29,21 +31,55 @@ public final class WasmMangling {
     }
 
     public static String mangleMethod(MethodReference method) {
-        String className = method.getClassName().length() + mangleString(method.getClassName());
+        String className = mangleClassBase(method.getClassName());
         StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder("method$" + className + "_");
-        String name = mangleString(method.getName());
-        sb.append(mangleType(method.getReturnType()));
-        sb.append(name.length() + "_" + name);
-        sb.append(Arrays.stream(method.getParameterTypes())
-                .map(WasmMangling::mangleType)
-                .collect(Collectors.joining()));
+        mangleSignature(method.getDescriptor(), sb);
         return sb.toString();
     }
 
+    public static String mangleVTableEntry(MethodDescriptor method) {
+        StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder("m_");
+        mangleSignature(method, sb);
+        return sb.toString();
+    }
+
+    private static void mangleSignature(MethodDescriptor method, StringBuilder sb) {
+        sb.append(mangleType(method.getResultType()));
+        sb.append(mangleString(method.getName()));
+        sb.append(Arrays.stream(method.getParameterTypes())
+                .map(Mangling::mangleType)
+                .collect(Collectors.joining()));
+    }
+
+    public static String mangleField(FieldReference field) {
+        String className = mangleClassBase(field.getClassName());
+        return "field$" + className + "_" + field.getFieldName().length() + mangleString(field.getFieldName());
+    }
+
+    public static String mangleClass(String className) {
+        return "class$" + mangleClassBase(className);
+    }
+
+    public static String mangleClassObject(ValueType type) {
+        return "tobject$" + mangleType(type);
+    }
+
+    public static String mangleVtable(String className) {
+        return "vt$" + mangleClassBase(className);
+    }
+
+    private static String mangleClassBase(String className) {
+        return className.length() + mangleString(className);
+    }
+
     public static String mangleInitializer(String className) {
         return "clinit$" + mangleString(className);
     }
 
+    public static String mangleInstanceOf(ValueType type) {
+        return "instanceof$" + mangleType(type);
+    }
+
     private static String mangleString(String string) {
         StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
         for (int i = 0; i < string.length(); ++i) {

core/src/main/java/org/teavm/ast/UnwrapArrayExpr.java

@@ -16,17 +16,16 @@
 package org.teavm.ast;
 
 import java.util.Map;
-import org.teavm.model.instructions.ArrayElementType;
 
 public class UnwrapArrayExpr extends Expr {
-    private ArrayElementType elementType;
+    private ArrayType elementType;
     private Expr array;
 
-    public UnwrapArrayExpr(ArrayElementType elementType) {
+    public UnwrapArrayExpr(ArrayType elementType) {
         this.elementType = elementType;
     }
 
-    public ArrayElementType getElementType() {
+    public ArrayType getElementType() {
         return elementType;
     }
 

core/src/main/java/org/teavm/ast/decompilation/StatementGenerator.java

@@ -425,7 +425,7 @@ class StatementGenerator implements InstructionVisitor {
 
     @Override
     public void visit(UnwrapArrayInstruction insn) {
-        UnwrapArrayExpr unwrapExpr = new UnwrapArrayExpr(insn.getElementType());
+        UnwrapArrayExpr unwrapExpr = new UnwrapArrayExpr(map(insn.getElementType()));
         unwrapExpr.setArray(Expr.var(insn.getArray().getIndex()));
         assign(unwrapExpr, insn.getReceiver());
     }
@@ -460,7 +460,7 @@ class StatementGenerator implements InstructionVisitor {
             case SHORT:
                 return ArrayType.SHORT;
             case CHAR:
-                return ArrayType.SHORT;
+                return ArrayType.CHAR;
             case INT:
                 return ArrayType.INT;
             case LONG:

core/src/main/java/org/teavm/backend/c/CTarget.java

@@ -0,0 +1,440 @@
+/*
+ *  Copyright 2018 Alexey Andreev.
+ *
+ *  Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ *  you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ *  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *       http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ *  Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ *  distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ *  WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ *  See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ *  limitations under the License.
+ */
+package org.teavm.backend.c;
+
+import com.carrotsearch.hppc.ObjectByteHashMap;
+import com.carrotsearch.hppc.ObjectByteMap;
+import java.io.BufferedReader;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.InputStreamReader;
+import java.io.OutputStreamWriter;
+import java.io.PrintWriter;
+import java.util.ArrayDeque;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.Collections;
+import java.util.Deque;
+import java.util.HashSet;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Set;
+import org.teavm.ast.decompilation.Decompiler;
+import org.teavm.backend.c.analyze.CDependencyListener;
+import org.teavm.backend.c.analyze.Characteristics;
+import org.teavm.backend.c.analyze.StringPoolFiller;
+import org.teavm.backend.c.analyze.TypeCollector;
+import org.teavm.backend.c.generate.CallSiteGenerator;
+import org.teavm.backend.c.generate.ClassGenerator;
+import org.teavm.backend.c.generate.CodeWriter;
+import org.teavm.backend.c.generate.GenerationContext;
+import org.teavm.backend.c.generate.NameProvider;
+import org.teavm.backend.c.generate.StringPool;
+import org.teavm.backend.c.generate.StringPoolGenerator;
+import org.teavm.backend.c.intrinsic.AddressIntrinsic;
+import org.teavm.backend.c.intrinsic.AllocatorIntrinsic;
+import org.teavm.backend.c.intrinsic.ExceptionHandlingIntrinsic;
+import org.teavm.backend.c.intrinsic.FunctionIntrinsic;
+import org.teavm.backend.c.intrinsic.GCIntrinsic;
+import org.teavm.backend.c.intrinsic.Intrinsic;
+import org.teavm.backend.c.intrinsic.MutatorIntrinsic;
+import org.teavm.backend.c.intrinsic.PlatformClassIntrinsic;
+import org.teavm.backend.c.intrinsic.PlatformClassMetadataIntrinsic;
+import org.teavm.backend.c.intrinsic.PlatformIntrinsic;
+import org.teavm.backend.c.intrinsic.PlatformObjectIntrinsic;
+import org.teavm.backend.c.intrinsic.ShadowStackIntrinsic;
+import org.teavm.backend.c.intrinsic.StructureIntrinsic;
+import org.teavm.dependency.ClassDependency;
+import org.teavm.dependency.DependencyAnalyzer;
+import org.teavm.dependency.DependencyListener;
+import org.teavm.interop.Address;
+import org.teavm.interop.PlatformMarkers;
+import org.teavm.interop.Structure;
+import org.teavm.model.BasicBlock;
+import org.teavm.model.ClassHolder;
+import org.teavm.model.ClassHolderTransformer;
+import org.teavm.model.ClassReader;
+import org.teavm.model.FieldReader;
+import org.teavm.model.Instruction;
+import org.teavm.model.ListableClassHolderSource;
+import org.teavm.model.ListableClassReaderSource;
+import org.teavm.model.MethodDescriptor;
+import org.teavm.model.MethodHolder;
+import org.teavm.model.MethodReader;
+import org.teavm.model.MethodReference;
+import org.teavm.model.Program;
+import org.teavm.model.ValueType;
+import org.teavm.model.classes.TagRegistry;
+import org.teavm.model.classes.VirtualTableProvider;
+import org.teavm.model.instructions.CloneArrayInstruction;
+import org.teavm.model.instructions.InvocationType;
+import org.teavm.model.instructions.InvokeInstruction;
+import org.teavm.model.lowlevel.ClassInitializerEliminator;
+import org.teavm.model.lowlevel.ClassInitializerTransformer;
+import org.teavm.model.lowlevel.ShadowStackTransformer;
+import org.teavm.model.transformation.ClassInitializerInsertionTransformer;
+import org.teavm.model.transformation.ClassPatch;
+import org.teavm.runtime.Allocator;
+import org.teavm.runtime.ExceptionHandling;
+import org.teavm.runtime.RuntimeArray;
+import org.teavm.runtime.RuntimeClass;
+import org.teavm.runtime.RuntimeObject;
+import org.teavm.vm.BuildTarget;
+import org.teavm.vm.TeaVMEntryPoint;
+import org.teavm.vm.TeaVMTarget;
+import org.teavm.vm.TeaVMTargetController;
+import org.teavm.vm.spi.TeaVMHostExtension;
+
+public class CTarget implements TeaVMTarget {
+    private TeaVMTargetController controller;
+    private ClassInitializerInsertionTransformer clinitInsertionTransformer;
+    private ClassInitializerEliminator classInitializerEliminator;
+    private ClassInitializerTransformer classInitializerTransformer;
+    private ShadowStackTransformer shadowStackTransformer;
+    private int minHeapSize = 32 * 1024 * 1024;
+
+    public void setMinHeapSize(int minHeapSize) {
+        this.minHeapSize = minHeapSize;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public List<ClassHolderTransformer> getTransformers() {
+        List<ClassHolderTransformer> transformers = new ArrayList<>();
+        transformers.add(new ClassPatch());
+        transformers.add(new CDependencyListener());
+        return transformers;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public List<DependencyListener> getDependencyListeners() {
+        return Collections.singletonList(new CDependencyListener());
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void setController(TeaVMTargetController controller) {
+        this.controller = controller;
+        classInitializerEliminator = new ClassInitializerEliminator(controller.getUnprocessedClassSource());
+        classInitializerTransformer = new ClassInitializerTransformer();
+        shadowStackTransformer = new ShadowStackTransformer(controller.getUnprocessedClassSource());
+        clinitInsertionTransformer = new ClassInitializerInsertionTransformer(controller.getUnprocessedClassSource());
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public List<TeaVMHostExtension> getHostExtensions() {
+        return Collections.emptyList();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean requiresRegisterAllocation() {
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void contributeDependencies(DependencyAnalyzer dependencyAnalyzer) {
+        dependencyAnalyzer.linkMethod(new MethodReference(Allocator.class, "allocate",
+                RuntimeClass.class, Address.class), null).use();
+        dependencyAnalyzer.linkMethod(new MethodReference(Allocator.class, "allocateArray",
+                RuntimeClass.class, int.class, Address.class), null).use();
+        dependencyAnalyzer.linkMethod(new MethodReference(Allocator.class, "allocateMultiArray",
+                RuntimeClass.class, Address.class, int.class, RuntimeArray.class), null).use();
+
+        dependencyAnalyzer.linkMethod(new MethodReference(Allocator.class, "<clinit>", void.class), null).use();
+
+        dependencyAnalyzer.linkMethod(new MethodReference(ExceptionHandling.class, "throwException",
+                Throwable.class, void.class), null).use();
+        dependencyAnalyzer.linkMethod(new MethodReference(ExceptionHandling.class, "throwClassCastException",
+                void.class), null).use();
+
+        dependencyAnalyzer.linkMethod(new MethodReference(ExceptionHandling.class, "catchException",
+                Throwable.class), null).use();
+
+        dependencyAnalyzer.linkClass("java.lang.String", null);
+        dependencyAnalyzer.linkClass("java.lang.Class", null);
+
+        ClassDependency runtimeClassDep = dependencyAnalyzer.linkClass(RuntimeClass.class.getName(), null);
+        ClassDependency runtimeObjectDep = dependencyAnalyzer.linkClass(RuntimeObject.class.getName(), null);
+        ClassDependency runtimeArrayDep = dependencyAnalyzer.linkClass(RuntimeArray.class.getName(), null);
+        for (ClassDependency classDep : Arrays.asList(runtimeClassDep, runtimeObjectDep, runtimeArrayDep)) {
+            for (FieldReader field : classDep.getClassReader().getFields()) {
+                dependencyAnalyzer.linkField(field.getReference(), null);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void afterOptimizations(Program program, MethodReader method, ListableClassReaderSource classSource) {
+        clinitInsertionTransformer.apply(method, program);
+        classInitializerEliminator.apply(program);
+        classInitializerTransformer.transform(program);
+        shadowStackTransformer.apply(program, method);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void emit(ListableClassHolderSource classes, BuildTarget buildTarget, String outputName) throws IOException {
+        VirtualTableProvider vtableProvider = createVirtualTableProvider(classes);
+        TagRegistry tagRegistry = new TagRegistry(classes);
+        StringPool stringPool = new StringPool();
+
+        Decompiler decompiler = new Decompiler(classes, controller.getClassLoader(), new HashSet<>(),
+                new HashSet<>(), false);
+        Characteristics characteristics = new Characteristics(controller.getUnprocessedClassSource());
+
+        NameProvider nameProvider = new NameProvider(controller.getUnprocessedClassSource());
+
+        List<Intrinsic> intrinsics = new ArrayList<>();
+        intrinsics.add(new ShadowStackIntrinsic());
+        intrinsics.add(new AddressIntrinsic());
+        intrinsics.add(new AllocatorIntrinsic());
+        intrinsics.add(new StructureIntrinsic(characteristics));
+        intrinsics.add(new PlatformIntrinsic());
+        intrinsics.add(new PlatformObjectIntrinsic());
+        intrinsics.add(new PlatformClassIntrinsic());
+        intrinsics.add(new PlatformClassMetadataIntrinsic());
+        intrinsics.add(new GCIntrinsic());
+        intrinsics.add(new MutatorIntrinsic());
+        intrinsics.add(new ExceptionHandlingIntrinsic());
+        intrinsics.add(new FunctionIntrinsic(characteristics));
+
+        GenerationContext context = new GenerationContext(vtableProvider, characteristics, stringPool, nameProvider,
+                controller.getDiagnostics(), classes, intrinsics);
+
+        try (PrintWriter writer = new PrintWriter(new OutputStreamWriter(
+                buildTarget.createResource(outputName), "UTF-8"))) {
+            CodeWriter codeWriter = new CodeWriter(writer);
+            ClassGenerator classGenerator = new ClassGenerator(context, tagRegistry, decompiler, codeWriter);
+
+            copyResource(codeWriter, "runtime.c");
+            TypeCollector typeCollector = new TypeCollector();
+            typeCollector.collect(classes);
+            typeCollector.collectFromCallSites(shadowStackTransformer.getCallSites());
+            StringPoolFiller stringPoolFiller = new StringPoolFiller(stringPool);
+            stringPoolFiller.fillFrom(classes);
+            stringPoolFiller.fillCallSites(shadowStackTransformer.getCallSites());
+            for (ValueType type : typeCollector.getTypes()) {
+                stringPool.getStringIndex(ClassGenerator.nameOfType(type));
+            }
+
+            generateClasses(classes, classGenerator, context, codeWriter, typeCollector);
+            generateSpecialFunctions(context, codeWriter);
+            copyResource(codeWriter, "runtime-epilogue.c");
+            generateMain(context, codeWriter, classes, typeCollector);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void copyResource(CodeWriter writer, String resourceName) {
+        ClassLoader classLoader = CTarget.class.getClassLoader();
+        try (BufferedReader reader = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(
+                classLoader.getResourceAsStream("org/teavm/backend/c/" + resourceName)))) {
+            while (true) {
+                String line = reader.readLine();
+                if (line == null) {
+                    break;
+                }
+                writer.println(line);
+            }
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+            throw new RuntimeException(e);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void generateClasses(ListableClassHolderSource classes, ClassGenerator classGenerator,
+            GenerationContext context, CodeWriter writer, TypeCollector typeCollector) {
+        List<String> classNames = sortClassNames(classes);
+
+        for (String className : classNames) {
+            ClassHolder cls = classes.get(className);
+            classGenerator.generateForwardDeclarations(cls);
+        }
+
+        for (String className : classNames) {
+            ClassHolder cls = classes.get(className);
+            classGenerator.generateStructures(cls);
+        }
+
+        for (String className : classNames) {
+            classGenerator.generateVirtualTableStructures(classes.get(className));
+        }
+
+        new StringPoolGenerator(writer, context.getNames()).generate(context.getStringPool().getStrings());
+
+        classGenerator.generateLayoutArray(classNames);
+
+        for (ValueType type : typeCollector.getTypes()) {
+            classGenerator.generateVirtualTableForwardDeclaration(type);
+        }
+        for (ValueType type : typeCollector.getTypes()) {
+            classGenerator.generateVirtualTable(type, typeCollector.getTypes());
+        }
+
+        for (ValueType type : typeCollector.getTypes()) {
+            classGenerator.generateIsSupertypeFunction(type);
+        }
+
+        classGenerator.generateStaticGCRoots(classNames);
+
+        new CallSiteGenerator(context, writer).generate(shadowStackTransformer.getCallSites());
+
+        for (String className : classes.getClassNames()) {
+            ClassHolder cls = classes.get(className);
+            classGenerator.generateClass(cls);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private List<String> sortClassNames(ListableClassReaderSource classes) {
+        List<String> classNames = new ArrayList<>(classes.getClassNames().size());
+        Deque<String> stack = new ArrayDeque<>(classes.getClassNames());
+        ObjectByteMap<String> stateMap = new ObjectByteHashMap<>();
+
+        while (!stack.isEmpty()) {
+            String className = stack.pop();
+            byte state = stateMap.getOrDefault(className, (byte) 0);
+            switch (state) {
+                case 0: {
+                    stateMap.put(className, (byte) 1);
+                    stack.push(className);
+                    ClassReader cls = classes.get(className);
+                    String parent = cls != null ? cls.getParent() : null;
+                    if (parent == null) {
+                        parent = RuntimeObject.class.getName();
+                    }
+                    if (!parent.equals(Structure.class.getName())
+                            && stateMap.getOrDefault(cls.getParent(), (byte) 0) == 0) {
+                        stack.push(parent);
+                    }
+                    break;
+                }
+                case 1:
+                    stateMap.put(className, (byte) 2);
+                    classNames.add(className);
+                    break;
+            }
+        }
+
+        return classNames;
+    }
+
+    private VirtualTableProvider createVirtualTableProvider(ListableClassHolderSource classes) {
+        Set<MethodReference> virtualMethods = new HashSet<>();
+
+        for (String className : classes.getClassNames()) {
+            ClassHolder cls = classes.get(className);
+            for (MethodHolder method : cls.getMethods()) {
+                Program program = method.getProgram();
+                if (program == null) {
+                    continue;
+                }
+                for (int i = 0; i < program.basicBlockCount(); ++i) {
+                    BasicBlock block = program.basicBlockAt(i);
+                    for (Instruction insn : block) {
+                        if (insn instanceof InvokeInstruction) {
+                            InvokeInstruction invoke = (InvokeInstruction) insn;
+                            if (invoke.getType() == InvocationType.VIRTUAL) {
+                                virtualMethods.add(invoke.getMethod());
+                            }
+                        } else if (insn instanceof CloneArrayInstruction) {
+                            virtualMethods.add(new MethodReference(Object.class, "clone", Object.class));
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        return new VirtualTableProvider(classes, virtualMethods);
+    }
+
+    private void generateSpecialFunctions(GenerationContext context, CodeWriter writer) {
+        generateThrowCCE(context, writer);
+    }
+
+    private void generateThrowCCE(GenerationContext context, CodeWriter writer) {
+        writer.println("static void* throwClassCastException() {").indent();
+        String methodName = context.getNames().forMethod(new MethodReference(ExceptionHandling.class,
+                "throwClassCastException", void.class));
+        writer.println(methodName + "();");
+        writer.println("return NULL;");
+        writer.outdent().println("}");
+    }
+
+    private void generateMain(GenerationContext context, CodeWriter writer, ListableClassHolderSource classes,
+            TypeCollector types) {
+        writer.println("int main(int argc, char** argv) {").indent();
+
+        writer.println("initHeap(" + minHeapSize + ");");
+        generateVirtualTableHeaders(context, writer, types);
+        generateStringPoolHeaders(context, writer);
+        generateStaticInitializerCalls(context, writer, classes);
+        generateCallToMainMethod(context, writer);
+
+        writer.outdent().println("}");
+    }
+
+    private void generateStaticInitializerCalls(GenerationContext context, CodeWriter writer,
+            ListableClassReaderSource classes) {
+        MethodDescriptor clinitDescriptor = new MethodDescriptor("<clinit>", ValueType.VOID);
+        for (String className : classes.getClassNames()) {
+            ClassReader cls = classes.get(className);
+            if (!context.getCharacteristics().isStaticInit(cls.getName())
+                    && !context.getCharacteristics().isStructure(cls.getName())) {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+
+            if (cls.getMethod(clinitDescriptor) == null) {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            String clinitName = context.getNames().forMethod(new MethodReference(className, clinitDescriptor));
+            writer.println(clinitName + "();");
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void generateVirtualTableHeaders(GenerationContext context, CodeWriter writer,
+            TypeCollector typeCollector) {
+        String classClassName = context.getNames().forClassInstance(ValueType.object("java.lang.Class"));
+        writer.println("int32_t classHeader = PACK_CLASS(&" + classClassName + ") | " + RuntimeObject.GC_MARKED + ";");
+
+        for (ValueType type : typeCollector.getTypes()) {
+            if (!ClassGenerator.needsVirtualTable(context.getCharacteristics(), type)) {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            String typeName = context.getNames().forClassInstance(type);
+            writer.println("((JavaObject*) &" + typeName + ")->header = classHeader;");
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void generateStringPoolHeaders(GenerationContext context, CodeWriter writer) {
+        String stringClassName = context.getNames().forClassInstance(ValueType.object("java.lang.String"));
+        writer.println("int32_t stringHeader = PACK_CLASS(&" + stringClassName + ") | "
+                + RuntimeObject.GC_MARKED + ";");
+
+        int size = context.getStringPool().getStrings().size();
+        writer.println("for (int i = 0; i < " + size + "; ++i) {").indent();
+        writer.println("((JavaObject*) (stringPool + i))->header = stringHeader;");
+        writer.outdent().println("}");
+    }
+
+    private void generateCallToMainMethod(GenerationContext context, CodeWriter writer) {
+        TeaVMEntryPoint entryPoint = controller.getEntryPoints().get("main");
+        if (entryPoint != null) {
+            String mainMethod = context.getNames().forMethod(entryPoint.getReference());
+            writer.println(mainMethod + "(NULL);");
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public String[] getPlatformTags() {
+        return new String[] { PlatformMarkers.C, PlatformMarkers.WEBASSEMBLY };
+    }
+}

core/src/main/java/org/teavm/backend/c/Example.java

@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+/*
+ *  Copyright 2018 Alexey Andreev.
+ *
+ *  Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ *  you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ *  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *       http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ *  Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ *  distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ *  WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ *  See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ *  limitations under the License.
+ */
+package org.teavm.backend.c;
+
+import java.math.BigInteger;
+
+public final class Example {
+    private Example() {
+    }
+
+    public static void main(String[] args) {
+        System.out.println("Running BigInteger benchmark");
+        BigInteger result = BigInteger.ONE;
+        for (int j = 0; j < 100; ++j) {
+            long start = System.currentTimeMillis();
+
+            for (int k = 0; k < 5000; ++k) {
+                BigInteger a = BigInteger.ZERO;
+                BigInteger b = BigInteger.ONE;
+                for (int i = 0; i < 1000; ++i) {
+                    BigInteger c = a.add(b);
+                    a = b;
+                    b = c;
+                }
+                result = a;
+            }
+
+            long end = System.currentTimeMillis();
+
+            System.out.println("Operation took " + (end - start) + " milliseconds");
+        }
+        System.out.println(result.toString());
+    }
+}

core/src/main/java/org/teavm/backend/c/TeaVMCHost.java

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- *  Copyright 2016 Alexey Andreev.
+ *  Copyright 2018 Alexey Andreev.
  *
  *  Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  *  you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -13,9 +13,7 @@
  *  See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
  *  limitations under the License.
  */
-package org.teavm.runtime;
+package org.teavm.backend.c;
 
-public class RuntimeJavaObject extends RuntimeObject {
-    public static int nextId = 1;
-    public RuntimeObject monitor;
+public class TeaVMCHost {
 }

core/src/main/java/org/teavm/backend/c/analyze/CDependencyListener.java

@@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
+/*
+ *  Copyright 2018 Alexey Andreev.
+ *
+ *  Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ *  you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ *  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *       http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ *  Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ *  distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ *  WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ *  See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ *  limitations under the License.
+ */
+package org.teavm.backend.c.analyze;
+
+import org.teavm.dependency.AbstractDependencyListener;
+import org.teavm.dependency.DependencyAgent;
+import org.teavm.dependency.MethodDependency;
+import org.teavm.diagnostics.Diagnostics;
+import org.teavm.interop.DelegateTo;
+import org.teavm.model.AnnotationReader;
+import org.teavm.model.CallLocation;
+import org.teavm.model.ClassHolder;
+import org.teavm.model.ClassHolderTransformer;
+import org.teavm.model.ClassReader;
+import org.teavm.model.ClassReaderSource;
+import org.teavm.model.ElementModifier;
+import org.teavm.model.MethodHolder;
+import org.teavm.model.MethodReader;
+
+public class CDependencyListener extends AbstractDependencyListener implements ClassHolderTransformer {
+    @Override
+    public void methodReached(DependencyAgent agent, MethodDependency method, CallLocation location) {
+        AnnotationReader delegateAnnot = method.getMethod().getAnnotations().get(DelegateTo.class.getName());
+        if (delegateAnnot != null) {
+            String delegateMethodName = delegateAnnot.getValue("value").getString();
+            ClassReader cls = agent.getClassSource().get(method.getReference().getClassName());
+            for (MethodReader delegate : cls.getMethods()) {
+                if (delegate.getName().equals(delegateMethodName)) {
+                    if (delegate != method.getMethod()) {
+                        agent.linkMethod(delegate.getReference(), location).use();
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void transformClass(ClassHolder cls, ClassReaderSource innerSource, Diagnostics diagnostics) {
+        for (MethodHolder method : cls.getMethods()) {
+            AnnotationReader delegateAnnot = method.getAnnotations().get(DelegateTo.class.getName());
+            if (delegateAnnot != null) {
+                method.setProgram(null);
+                method.getModifiers().add(ElementModifier.NATIVE);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}

core/src/main/java/org/teavm/backend/c/analyze/Characteristics.java

@@ -0,0 +1,81 @@
+/*
+ *  Copyright 2018 Alexey Andreev.
+ *
+ *  Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ *  you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ *  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *       http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ *  Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ *  distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ *  WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ *  See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ *  limitations under the License.
+ */
+package org.teavm.backend.c.analyze;
+
+import com.carrotsearch.hppc.ObjectByteHashMap;
+import com.carrotsearch.hppc.ObjectByteMap;
+import org.teavm.interop.Function;
+import org.teavm.interop.StaticInit;
+import org.teavm.interop.Structure;
+import org.teavm.model.ClassReader;
+import org.teavm.model.ClassReaderSource;
+
+public class Characteristics {
+    private ClassReaderSource classSource;
+    private ObjectByteMap<String> isStructure = new ObjectByteHashMap<>();
+    private ObjectByteMap<String> isStaticInit = new ObjectByteHashMap<>();
+    private ObjectByteMap<String> isFunction = new ObjectByteHashMap<>();
+
+    public Characteristics(ClassReaderSource classSource) {
+        this.classSource = classSource;
+    }
+
+    public boolean isStructure(String className) {
+        byte result = isStructure.getOrDefault(className, (byte) -1);
+        if (result < 0) {
+            if (className.equals(Structure.class.getName())) {
+                result = 1;
+            } else {
+                ClassReader cls = classSource.get(className);
+                if (cls != null && cls.getParent() != null) {
+                    result = isStructure(cls.getParent()) ? (byte) 1 : 0;
+                } else {
+                    result = 0;
+                }
+            }
+            isStructure.put(className, result);
+        }
+        return result != 0;
+    }
+
+    public boolean isStaticInit(String className) {
+        byte result = isStaticInit.getOrDefault(className, (byte) -1);
+        if (result < 0) {
+            ClassReader cls = classSource.get(className);
+            result = cls != null && cls.getAnnotations().get(StaticInit.class.getName()) != null ? (byte) 1 : 0;
+            isStaticInit.put(className, result);
+        }
+        return result != 0;
+    }
+
+    public boolean isFunction(String className) {
+        byte result = isFunction.getOrDefault(className, (byte) -1);
+        if (result < 0) {
+            if (className.equals(Function.class.getName())) {
+                result = 1;
+            } else {
+                ClassReader cls = classSource.get(className);
+                if (cls != null && cls.getParent() != null) {
+                    result = isFunction(cls.getParent()) ? (byte) 1 : 0;
+                } else {
+                    result = 0;
+                }
+            }
+            isFunction.put(className, result);
+        }
+        return result != 0;
+    }
+}

core/src/main/java/org/teavm/backend/c/analyze/StringPoolFiller.java

@@ -0,0 +1,74 @@
+/*
+ *  Copyright 2018 Alexey Andreev.
+ *
+ *  Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ *  you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ *  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *       http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ *  Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ *  distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ *  WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ *  See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ *  limitations under the License.
+ */
+package org.teavm.backend.c.analyze;
+
+import java.util.List;
+import org.teavm.backend.c.generate.StringPool;
+import org.teavm.model.BasicBlockReader;
+import org.teavm.model.ClassReader;
+import org.teavm.model.ListableClassReaderSource;
+import org.teavm.model.MethodReader;
+import org.teavm.model.ProgramReader;
+import org.teavm.model.VariableReader;
+import org.teavm.model.instructions.AbstractInstructionReader;
+import org.teavm.model.lowlevel.CallSiteDescriptor;
+
+public class StringPoolFiller extends AbstractInstructionReader {
+    private StringPool pool;
+
+    public StringPoolFiller(StringPool pool) {
+        this.pool = pool;
+    }
+
+    public void fillFrom(ListableClassReaderSource classSource) {
+        for (String className : classSource.getClassNames()) {
+            addClass(classSource.get(className));
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void fillCallSites(List<CallSiteDescriptor> callSites) {
+        for (CallSiteDescriptor callSite : callSites) {
+            if (callSite.getLocation() != null) {
+                if (callSite.getLocation().getClassName() != null) {
+                    pool.getStringIndex(callSite.getLocation().getClassName());
+                }
+                if (callSite.getLocation().getFileName() != null) {
+                    pool.getStringIndex(callSite.getLocation().getFileName());
+                }
+                if (callSite.getLocation().getMethodName() != null) {
+                    pool.getStringIndex(callSite.getLocation().getMethodName());
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void addClass(ClassReader cls) {
+        pool.getStringIndex(cls.getName());
+        for (MethodReader method : cls.getMethods()) {
+            ProgramReader program = method.getProgram();
+            if (program != null) {
+                for (BasicBlockReader block : program.getBasicBlocks()) {
+                    block.readAllInstructions(this);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void stringConstant(VariableReader receiver, String cst) {
+        pool.getStringIndex(cst);
+    }
+}

core/src/main/java/org/teavm/backend/c/analyze/TemporaryVariableEstimator.java

@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+/*
+ *  Copyright 2018 Alexey Andreev.
+ *
+ *  Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ *  you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ *  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *       http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ *  Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ *  distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ *  WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ *  See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ *  limitations under the License.
+ */
+package org.teavm.backend.c.analyze;
+
+import org.teavm.ast.InvocationExpr;
+import org.teavm.ast.InvocationType;
+import org.teavm.ast.RecursiveVisitor;
+
+public class TemporaryVariableEstimator extends RecursiveVisitor {
+    private int currentReceiverIndex;
+    private int maxReceiverIndex;
+
+    public int getMaxReceiverIndex() {
+        return maxReceiverIndex;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void visit(InvocationExpr expr) {
+        if (expr.getType() == InvocationType.DYNAMIC || expr.getType() == InvocationType.CONSTRUCTOR) {
+            currentReceiverIndex++;
+            maxReceiverIndex = Math.max(maxReceiverIndex, currentReceiverIndex);
+        }
+
+        super.visit(expr);
+
+        if (expr.getType() == InvocationType.DYNAMIC) {
+            currentReceiverIndex--;
+        }
+    }
+}

core/src/main/java/org/teavm/backend/c/analyze/TypeCollector.java

@@ -0,0 +1,118 @@
+/*
+ *  Copyright 2018 Alexey Andreev.
+ *
+ *  Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ *  you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ *  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *       http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ *  Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ *  distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ *  WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ *  See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ *  limitations under the License.
+ */
+package org.teavm.backend.c.analyze;
+
+import java.util.HashSet;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Set;
+import org.teavm.interop.DelegateTo;
+import org.teavm.model.BasicBlockReader;
+import org.teavm.model.ClassReader;
+import org.teavm.model.ListableClassReaderSource;
+import org.teavm.model.MethodReader;
+import org.teavm.model.ProgramReader;
+import org.teavm.model.ValueType;
+import org.teavm.model.VariableReader;
+import org.teavm.model.instructions.AbstractInstructionReader;
+import org.teavm.model.lowlevel.CallSiteDescriptor;
+import org.teavm.model.lowlevel.ExceptionHandlerDescriptor;
+
+public class TypeCollector extends AbstractInstructionReader {
+    private Set<ValueType> types = new HashSet<>();
+
+    public Set<? extends ValueType> getTypes() {
+        return types;
+    }
+
+    public void collect(ListableClassReaderSource classSource) {
+        for (String className : classSource.getClassNames()) {
+            ClassReader cls = classSource.get(className);
+            collect(cls);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void collectFromCallSites(List<CallSiteDescriptor> callSites) {
+        for (CallSiteDescriptor callSite : callSites) {
+            for (ExceptionHandlerDescriptor handler : callSite.getHandlers()) {
+                if (handler.getClassName() != null) {
+                    types.add(ValueType.object(handler.getClassName()));
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void collect(ClassReader cls) {
+        for (MethodReader method : cls.getMethods()) {
+            collect(method);
+            types.add(ValueType.object(cls.getName()));
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void collect(MethodReader method) {
+        if (method.getAnnotations().get(DelegateTo.class.getName()) != null) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        if (method.getProgram() != null) {
+            collect(method.getProgram());
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void collect(ProgramReader program) {
+        for (BasicBlockReader block : program.getBasicBlocks()) {
+            block.readAllInstructions(this);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void createArray(VariableReader receiver, ValueType itemType, List<? extends VariableReader> dimensions) {
+        ValueType type = itemType;
+        for (int i = 1; i <= dimensions.size(); ++i) {
+            type = ValueType.arrayOf(type);
+        }
+        addType(type);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void createArray(VariableReader receiver, ValueType itemType, VariableReader size) {
+        addType(ValueType.arrayOf(itemType));
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void classConstant(VariableReader receiver, ValueType cst) {
+        addType(cst);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void isInstance(VariableReader receiver, VariableReader value, ValueType type) {
+        addType(type);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void cast(VariableReader receiver, VariableReader value, ValueType targetType) {
+        addType(targetType);
+    }
+
+    private void addType(ValueType type) {
+        types.add(type);
+        while (type instanceof ValueType.Array) {
+            type = ((ValueType.Array) type).getItemType();
+            if (!types.add(type)) {
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}

core/src/main/java/org/teavm/backend/c/generate/CallSiteGenerator.java

@@ -0,0 +1,164 @@
+/*
+ *  Copyright 2018 Alexey Andreev.
+ *
+ *  Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ *  you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ *  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *       http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ *  Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ *  distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ *  WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ *  See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ *  limitations under the License.
+ */
+package org.teavm.backend.c.generate;
+
+import com.carrotsearch.hppc.ObjectIntHashMap;
+import com.carrotsearch.hppc.ObjectIntMap;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.List;
+import org.teavm.model.FieldReference;
+import org.teavm.model.ValueType;
+import org.teavm.model.lowlevel.CallSiteDescriptor;
+import org.teavm.model.lowlevel.CallSiteLocation;
+import org.teavm.model.lowlevel.ExceptionHandlerDescriptor;
+
+public class CallSiteGenerator {
+    private static final String CALL_SITE = "org.teavm.runtime.CallSite";
+    private static final String CALL_SITE_LOCATION = "org.teavm.runtime.CallSiteLocation";
+    private static final String EXCEPTION_HANDLER = "org.teavm.runtime.ExceptionHandler";
+
+    private GenerationContext context;
+    private CodeWriter writer;
+    private ObjectIntMap<CallSiteLocation> locationMap = new ObjectIntHashMap<>();
+    private List<CallSiteLocation> locations = new ArrayList<>();
+    private List<ExceptionHandlerDescriptor> exceptionHandlers = new ArrayList<>();
+    private String callSiteLocationName;
+    private String exceptionHandlerName;
+
+    public CallSiteGenerator(GenerationContext context, CodeWriter writer) {
+        this.context = context;
+        this.writer = writer;
+        callSiteLocationName = context.getNames().forClass(CALL_SITE_LOCATION);
+        exceptionHandlerName = context.getNames().forClass(EXCEPTION_HANDLER);
+    }
+
+    public void generate(List<CallSiteDescriptor> callSites) {
+        writer.print("static ").print(callSiteLocationName).println(" callSiteLocations[];");
+        writer.print("static ").print(exceptionHandlerName).println(" exceptionHandlers[];");
+
+        generateCallSites(callSites);
+        generateLocations();
+        generateHandlers();
+    }
+
+    private void generateCallSites(List<CallSiteDescriptor> callSites) {
+        String callSiteName = context.getNames().forClass(CALL_SITE);
+
+        writer.print("static ").print(callSiteName).print(" callSites[] = {").indent();
+        String handlerCountName = fieldName(CALL_SITE, "handlerCount");
+        String firstHandlerName = fieldName(CALL_SITE, "firstHandler");
+        String locationName = fieldName(CALL_SITE, "location");
+
+        boolean first = true;
+        for (CallSiteDescriptor callSite : callSites) {
+            if (!first) {
+                writer.print(", ");
+            }
+            first = false;
+
+            int locationIndex = -1;
+            if (callSite.getLocation() != null) {
+                locationIndex = locationMap.getOrDefault(callSite.getLocation(), -1);
+                if (locationIndex < 0) {
+                    locationIndex = locations.size();
+                    locationMap.put(callSite.getLocation(), locationIndex);
+                    locations.add(callSite.getLocation());
+                }
+            }
+
+            String firstHandlerExpr = !callSite.getHandlers().isEmpty()
+                    ? "exceptionHandlers + " + exceptionHandlers.size()
+                    : "NULL";
+            writer.println().print("{ ");
+            writer.print(".").print(handlerCountName).print(" = ")
+                    .print(String.valueOf(callSite.getHandlers().size())).print(", ");
+            writer.print(".").print(firstHandlerName).print(" = ").print(firstHandlerExpr).print(", ");
+            writer.print(".").print(locationName).print(" = ")
+                    .print(locationIndex >= 0 ? "callSiteLocations + " + locationIndex : "NULL");
+            writer.print(" }");
+
+            exceptionHandlers.addAll(callSite.getHandlers());
+        }
+
+        writer.println().outdent().println("};");
+    }
+
+    private void generateLocations() {
+        writer.print("static ").print(callSiteLocationName).print(" callSiteLocations[] = {").indent();
+
+        String fileNameName = fieldName(CALL_SITE_LOCATION, "fileName");
+        String classNameName = fieldName(CALL_SITE_LOCATION, "className");
+        String methodNameName = fieldName(CALL_SITE_LOCATION, "methodName");
+        String lineNumberName = fieldName(CALL_SITE_LOCATION, "lineNumber");
+
+        boolean first = true;
+        for (CallSiteLocation location : locations) {
+            if (!first) {
+                writer.print(",");
+            }
+            first = false;
+
+            writer.println().print("{ ");
+            writer.print(".").print(fileNameName).print(" = ")
+                    .print(getStringExpr(location.getFileName())).print(", ");
+            writer.print(".").print(classNameName).print(" = ")
+                    .print(getStringExpr(location.getClassName())).print(", ");
+            writer.print(".").print(methodNameName).print(" = ")
+                    .print(getStringExpr(location.getMethodName())).print(", ");
+            writer.print(".").print(lineNumberName).print(" = ")
+                    .print(String.valueOf(location.getLineNumber()));
+
+            writer.print(" }");
+        }
+
+        writer.println().outdent().println("};");
+    }
+
+    private void generateHandlers() {
+        writer.print("static ").print(exceptionHandlerName).print(" exceptionHandlers[] = {").indent();
+
+        String idName = fieldName(EXCEPTION_HANDLER, "id");
+        String exceptionClassName = fieldName(EXCEPTION_HANDLER, "exceptionClass");
+
+        boolean first = true;
+        for (ExceptionHandlerDescriptor handler : exceptionHandlers) {
+            if (!first) {
+                writer.print(",");
+            }
+            first = false;
+
+            writer.println().print("{ ");
+
+            String classExpr = handler.getClassName() != null
+                    ? "&" + context.getNames().forClassInstance(ValueType.object(handler.getClassName()))
+                    : "NULL";
+            writer.print(".").print(idName).print(" = ").print(String.valueOf(handler.getId())).print(",");
+            writer.print(".").print(exceptionClassName).print(" = ").print(classExpr);
+
+            writer.print(" }");
+        }
+
+        writer.println().outdent().println("};");
+    }
+
+    private String fieldName(String className, String fieldName) {
+        return context.getNames().forMemberField(new FieldReference(className, fieldName));
+    }
+
+    private String getStringExpr(String s) {
+        return s != null ? "stringPool + " + context.getStringPool().getStringIndex(s) : "NULL";
+    }
+}

core/src/main/java/org/teavm/backend/c/generate/ClassGenerator.java

@@ -0,0 +1,660 @@
+/*
+ *  Copyright 2018 Alexey Andreev.
+ *
+ *  Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ *  you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ *  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *       http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ *  Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ *  distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ *  WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ *  See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ *  limitations under the License.
+ */
+package org.teavm.backend.c.generate;
+
+import com.carrotsearch.hppc.ObjectIntHashMap;
+import com.carrotsearch.hppc.ObjectIntMap;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.Collection;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Set;
+import org.teavm.ast.RegularMethodNode;
+import org.teavm.ast.decompilation.Decompiler;
+import org.teavm.backend.c.analyze.Characteristics;
+import org.teavm.interop.Address;
+import org.teavm.interop.DelegateTo;
+import org.teavm.interop.Structure;
+import org.teavm.model.AnnotationHolder;
+import org.teavm.model.ClassHolder;
+import org.teavm.model.ClassReader;
+import org.teavm.model.ElementModifier;
+import org.teavm.model.FieldHolder;
+import org.teavm.model.FieldReader;
+import org.teavm.model.FieldReference;
+import org.teavm.model.MethodDescriptor;
+import org.teavm.model.MethodHolder;
+import org.teavm.model.MethodReference;
+import org.teavm.model.ValueType;
+import org.teavm.model.classes.TagRegistry;
+import org.teavm.model.classes.VirtualTable;
+import org.teavm.model.classes.VirtualTableEntry;
+import org.teavm.runtime.RuntimeClass;
+import org.teavm.runtime.RuntimeObject;
+
+public class ClassGenerator {
+    private GenerationContext context;
+    private Decompiler decompiler;
+    private TagRegistry tagRegistry;
+    private CodeWriter writer;
+    private CodeGenerator codeGenerator;
+    private ObjectIntMap<String> classLayoutOffsets = new ObjectIntHashMap<>();
+
+    public ClassGenerator(GenerationContext context, TagRegistry tagRegistry, Decompiler decompiler,
+            CodeWriter writer) {
+        this.context = context;
+        this.tagRegistry = tagRegistry;
+        this.decompiler = decompiler;
+        this.writer = writer;
+        codeGenerator = new CodeGenerator(context, writer);
+    }
+
+    public void generateForwardDeclarations(ClassHolder cls) {
+        generateForwardClassStructure(cls);
+
+        for (MethodHolder method : cls.getMethods()) {
+            if (method.hasModifier(ElementModifier.ABSTRACT)) {
+                continue;
+            }
+            if (method.hasModifier(ElementModifier.NATIVE)
+                    && method.getAnnotations().get(DelegateTo.class.getName()) == null) {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            codeGenerator.generateMethodSignature(method.getReference(), method.hasModifier(ElementModifier.STATIC),
+                    false);
+            writer.println(";");
+        }
+
+        if (needsInitializer(cls)) {
+            writer.print("static void ").print(context.getNames().forClassInitializer(cls.getName())).println("();");
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void generateForwardClassStructure(ClassHolder cls) {
+        if (!needsData(cls) || isSystemClass(cls)) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        writer.print("struct ").print(context.getNames().forClass(cls.getName())).println(";");
+    }
+
+    public void generateStructures(ClassHolder cls) {
+        generateClassStructure(cls);
+        generateStaticFields(cls);
+    }
+
+    public void generateVirtualTableStructures(ClassHolder cls) {
+        generateVirtualTableStructure(cls);
+    }
+
+    private void generateClassStructure(ClassHolder cls) {
+        if (!needsData(cls)) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        String name = context.getNames().forClass(cls.getName());
+
+        writer.print("typedef struct ").print(name).println(" {").indent();
+
+        if (cls.getParent() == null || !cls.getParent().equals(Structure.class.getName())) {
+            String parentName = cls.getParent();
+            if (parentName == null) {
+                parentName = RuntimeObject.class.getName();
+            }
+            writer.print("struct ").print(context.getNames().forClass(parentName)).println(" parent;");
+        }
+
+        for (FieldHolder field : cls.getFields()) {
+            if (field.hasModifier(ElementModifier.STATIC)) {
+                continue;
+            }
+            String fieldName = context.getNames().forMemberField(field.getReference());
+            writer.printStrictType(field.getType()).print(" ").print(fieldName).println(";");
+        }
+
+        writer.outdent().print("} ").print(name).println(";");
+    }
+
+    private void generateStaticFields(ClassHolder cls) {
+        if (!needsData(cls)) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        for (FieldHolder field : cls.getFields()) {
+            if (!field.hasModifier(ElementModifier.STATIC)) {
+                continue;
+            }
+            String fieldName = context.getNames().forStaticField(field.getReference());
+            writer.print("static ").printStrictType(field.getType()).print(" ").print(fieldName).println(";");
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void generateStaticGCRoots(Collection<String> classNames) {
+        List<FieldReference[]> data = new ArrayList<>();
+        int total = 0;
+
+        for (String className : classNames) {
+            ClassReader cls = context.getClassSource().get(className);
+            if (!needsData(cls)) {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            FieldReference[] fields = new FieldReference[cls.getFields().size()];
+            int index = 0;
+
+            for (FieldReader field : cls.getFields()) {
+                if (!field.hasModifier(ElementModifier.STATIC) || !isReferenceType(field.getType())) {
+                    continue;
+                }
+
+                fields[index++] = field.getReference();
+            }
+
+            if (index == 0) {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            fields = Arrays.copyOf(fields, index);
+            total += fields.length;
+            data.add(fields);
+        }
+
+        writer.println("static void** gc_staticRoots[" + (total + 1) + "] = {").indent();
+        writer.print("(void**) (intptr_t) " + total);
+
+        for (FieldReference[] fields : data) {
+            writer.print(",").println();
+
+            boolean first = true;
+            for (FieldReference field : fields) {
+                if (!first) {
+                    writer.print(", ");
+                }
+                first = false;
+                String name = context.getNames().forStaticField(field);
+                writer.print("(void**) &").print(name);
+            }
+        }
+
+        writer.println().outdent().println("};");
+    }
+
+    private boolean isReferenceType(ValueType type) {
+        if (type instanceof ValueType.Object) {
+            String className = ((ValueType.Object) type).getClassName();
+            return !context.getCharacteristics().isStructure(className)
+                    && !className.equals(Address.class.getName());
+        } else {
+            return type instanceof ValueType.Array;
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void generateVirtualTableForwardDeclaration(ValueType type) {
+        if (!needsVirtualTable(context.getCharacteristics(), type)) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        String className;
+        if (type instanceof ValueType.Object) {
+            className = ((ValueType.Object) type).getClassName();
+        } else if (type instanceof ValueType.Array) {
+            className = "java.lang.Object";
+        } else {
+            className = null;
+        }
+        String structName = className != null ? context.getNames().forClassClass(className) : "JavaClass";
+        String name = context.getNames().forClassInstance(type);
+
+        writer.print("static ").print(structName).print(" ").print(name).println(";");
+    }
+
+    private void generateVirtualTableStructure(ClassHolder cls) {
+        if (!needsVirtualTable(context.getCharacteristics(), ValueType.object(cls.getName()))) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        String name = context.getNames().forClassClass(cls.getName());
+
+        writer.print("typedef struct ").print(name).println(" {").indent();
+        writer.println("JavaClass parent;");
+
+        VirtualTable virtualTable = context.getVirtualTableProvider().lookup(cls.getName());
+        CodeGenerator codeGenerator = new CodeGenerator(context, writer);
+        for (VirtualTableEntry entry : virtualTable.getEntries().values()) {
+            String methodName = context.getNames().forVirtualMethod(
+                    new MethodReference(cls.getName(), entry.getMethod()));
+            writer.printType(entry.getMethod().getResultType())
+                    .print(" (*").print(methodName).print(")(");
+            codeGenerator.generateMethodParameters(entry.getMethod(), false, false);
+            writer.println(");");
+        }
+
+        writer.outdent().print("} ").print(name).println(";");
+    }
+
+    public void generateLayoutArray(List<String> classNames) {
+        List<FieldReference[]> data = new ArrayList<>();
+        int totalSize = 0;
+
+        for (String className : classNames) {
+            ClassReader cls = context.getClassSource().get(className);
+            if (!needsData(cls) || !needsVirtualTable(context.getCharacteristics(), ValueType.object(className))) {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            FieldReference[] fields = new FieldReference[cls.getFields().size()];
+            int index = 0;
+            for (FieldReader field : cls.getFields()) {
+                if (field.hasModifier(ElementModifier.STATIC) || !isReferenceType(field.getType())) {
+                    continue;
+                }
+                fields[index++] = field.getReference();
+            }
+
+            if (index == 0) {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            fields = Arrays.copyOf(fields, index);
+
+            classLayoutOffsets.put(className, totalSize);
+            totalSize += fields.length + 1;
+            data.add(fields);
+        }
+
+        writer.print("static int16_t classLayouts[" + totalSize + "] = {").indent();
+        for (int i = 0; i < data.size(); ++i) {
+            if (i > 0) {
+                writer.print(",");
+            }
+            FieldReference[] fields = data.get(i);
+            writer.println().print("INT16_C(" + fields.length + ")");
+
+            for (FieldReference field : fields) {
+                String className = context.getNames().forClass(field.getClassName());
+                String fieldName = context.getNames().forMemberField(field);
+                writer.print(", (int16_t) offsetof(" + className + ", " + fieldName + ")");
+            }
+        }
+        writer.println().outdent().println("};");
+    }
+
+    public void generateVirtualTable(ValueType type, Set<? extends ValueType> allTypes) {
+        if (!needsVirtualTable(context.getCharacteristics(), type)) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        generateIsSupertypeForwardDeclaration(type);
+
+        String className = null;
+        if (type instanceof ValueType.Object) {
+            className = ((ValueType.Object) type).getClassName();
+        } else if (type instanceof ValueType.Array) {
+            className = "java.lang.Object";
+        }
+        String structName = className != null
+                ? context.getNames().forClassClass(className)
+                : "JavaClass";
+        String name = context.getNames().forClassInstance(type);
+
+        writer.print("static ").print(structName).print(" ").print(name).println(" = {").indent();
+
+        if (className != null) {
+            writer.println(".parent = {").indent();
+            generateRuntimeClassInitializer(type, allTypes);
+            writer.outdent().println("},");
+
+            VirtualTable virtualTable = context.getVirtualTableProvider().lookup(className);
+            if (virtualTable != null) {
+                List<VirtualTableEntry> entries = new ArrayList<>(virtualTable.getEntries().values());
+                for (int i = 0; i < entries.size(); ++i) {
+                    VirtualTableEntry entry = entries.get(i);
+                    String methodName = context.getNames().forVirtualMethod(
+                            new MethodReference(className, entry.getMethod()));
+                    String implName = entry.getImplementor() != null
+                            ? "&" + context.getNames().forMethod(entry.getImplementor())
+                            : "NULL";
+                    writer.print(".").print(methodName).print(" = ").print(implName);
+                    if (i < entries.size() - 1) {
+                        writer.print(",");
+                    }
+                    writer.println();
+                }
+            }
+        } else {
+            generateRuntimeClassInitializer(type, allTypes);
+        }
+
+        writer.outdent().println("};");
+    }
+
+    private void generateRuntimeClassInitializer(ValueType type, Set<? extends ValueType> allTypes) {
+        String sizeExpr;
+        int tag;
+        String parent;
+        String itemTypeExpr;
+        int flags = 0;
+        String layout = "NULL";
+
+        if (type instanceof ValueType.Object) {
+            String className = ((ValueType.Object) type).getClassName();
+            ClassReader cls = context.getClassSource().get(className);
+
+            if (className.equals(Object.class.getName())) {
+                className = RuntimeObject.class.getName();
+            }
+
+            if (needsData(cls)) {
+                String structName = context.getNames().forClass(className);
+                sizeExpr = "(int32_t) (intptr_t) ALIGN(sizeof(" + structName + "), sizeof(void*))";
+            } else {
+                sizeExpr = "0";
+            }
+            tag = tagRegistry.getRanges(className).get(0).lower;
+
+            parent = cls != null && cls.getParent() != null && allTypes.contains(ValueType.object(cls.getParent()))
+                    ? "&" + context.getNames().forClassInstance(ValueType.object(cls.getParent()))
+                    : "NULL";
+            itemTypeExpr = "NULL";
+            int layoutOffset = classLayoutOffsets.getOrDefault(className, -1);
+            layout = layoutOffset >= 0 ? "classLayouts + " + layoutOffset : "NULL";
+        } else if (type instanceof ValueType.Array) {
+            parent = "&" + context.getNames().forClassInstance(ValueType.object("java.lang.Object"));
+            tag = tagRegistry.getRanges("java.lang.Object").get(0).lower;
+            ValueType itemType = ((ValueType.Array) type).getItemType();
+            sizeExpr = "sizeof(" + CodeWriter.strictTypeAsString(itemType) + ")";
+            itemTypeExpr = "&" + context.getNames().forClassInstance(itemType);
+        } else if (type == ValueType.VOID) {
+            parent = "NULL";
+            tag = 0;
+            sizeExpr = "0";
+            itemTypeExpr = "NULL";
+        } else {
+            parent = "NULL";
+            tag = 0;
+            sizeExpr = "sizeof(" + CodeWriter.strictTypeAsString(type) + ")";
+            flags |= RuntimeClass.PRIMITIVE;
+            itemTypeExpr = "NULL";
+        }
+
+        int nameRef = context.getStringPool().getStringIndex(nameOfType(type));
+        String superTypeFunction = context.getNames().forSupertypeFunction(type);
+
+        ValueType arrayType = ValueType.arrayOf(type);
+        String arrayTypeExpr;
+        if (allTypes.contains(arrayType)) {
+            arrayTypeExpr = "&" + context.getNames().forClassInstance(arrayType);
+        } else {
+            arrayTypeExpr = "NULL";
+        }
+
+        writer.println(".parent = {},");
+        writer.print(".").print(classFieldName("size")).print(" = ").print(sizeExpr).println(",");
+        writer.print(".").print(classFieldName("flags")).println(" = " + flags + ",");
+        writer.print(".").print(classFieldName("tag")).print(" = ").print(String.valueOf(tag)).println(",");
+        writer.print(".").print(classFieldName("canary")).println(" = 0,");
+        writer.print(".").print(classFieldName("name")).println(" = stringPool + " + nameRef + ",");
+        writer.print(".").print(classFieldName("arrayType")).println(" = " + arrayTypeExpr + ",");
+        writer.print(".").print(classFieldName("itemType")).println(" = " + itemTypeExpr + ",");
+        writer.print(".").print(classFieldName("isSupertypeOf")).println(" = &" + superTypeFunction + ",");
+        writer.print(".").print(classFieldName("parent")).println(" = " + parent + ",");
+        writer.print(".").print(classFieldName("enumValues")).println(" = NULL,");
+        writer.print(".").print(classFieldName("layout")).println(" = " + layout);
+    }
+
+    private String classFieldName(String field) {
+        return context.getNames().forMemberField(new FieldReference(RuntimeClass.class.getName(), field));
+    }
+
+    private boolean needsData(ClassReader cls) {
+        if (cls.hasModifier(ElementModifier.INTERFACE)) {
+            return false;
+        }
+        return !cls.getName().equals(Structure.class.getName())
+                && !cls.getName().equals(Address.class.getName());
+    }
+
+    private boolean isSystemClass(ClassHolder cls) {
+        switch (cls.getName()) {
+            case "java.lang.Object":
+            case "java.lang.Class":
+            case "java.lang.String":
+                return true;
+            default:
+                return false;
+        }
+    }
+
+    public static boolean needsVirtualTable(Characteristics characteristics, ValueType type) {
+        if (type instanceof ValueType.Object) {
+            String className = ((ValueType.Object) type).getClassName();
+            if (className.equals(Address.class.getName())) {
+                return false;
+            }
+            return !characteristics.isStructure(className);
+        } else if (type instanceof ValueType.Array) {
+            return needsVirtualTable(characteristics, ((ValueType.Array) type).getItemType());
+        } else {
+            return true;
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void generateClass(ClassHolder cls) {
+        for (MethodHolder method : cls.getMethods()) {
+            if (method.hasModifier(ElementModifier.NATIVE)) {
+                tryDelegateToMethod(cls, method);
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            if (method.hasModifier(ElementModifier.ABSTRACT)) {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            RegularMethodNode methodNode = decompiler.decompileRegular(method);
+            codeGenerator.generateMethod(methodNode);
+        }
+
+        if (needsInitializer(cls)) {
+            writer.print("static void ").print(context.getNames().forClassInitializer(cls.getName()))
+                    .println("() {").indent();
+
+            String classInstanceName = context.getNames().forClassInstance(ValueType.object(cls.getName()));
+            String clinitName = context.getNames().forMethod(
+                    new MethodReference(cls.getName(), "<clinit>", ValueType.VOID));
+            writer.print("JavaClass* cls = (JavaClass*) &").print(classInstanceName).println(";");
+            writer.println("if (!(cls->flags & INT32_C(" + RuntimeClass.INITIALIZED + "))) {").indent();
+            writer.println("cls->flags |= INT32_C(" + RuntimeClass.INITIALIZED + ");");
+            writer.print(clinitName).println("();");
+            writer.outdent().println("}");
+
+            writer.outdent().println("}");
+        }
+    }
+
+    private boolean needsInitializer(ClassHolder cls) {
+        return !context.getCharacteristics().isStaticInit(cls.getName())
+                && !context.getCharacteristics().isStructure(cls.getName())
+                && cls.getMethod(new MethodDescriptor("<clinit>", ValueType.VOID)) != null;
+    }
+
+    private void tryDelegateToMethod(ClassHolder cls, MethodHolder method) {
+        AnnotationHolder delegateToAnnot = method.getAnnotations().get(DelegateTo.class.getName());
+        if (delegateToAnnot == null) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        String methodName = delegateToAnnot.getValue("value").getString();
+        for (MethodHolder candidate : cls.getMethods()) {
+            if (candidate.getName().equals(methodName)) {
+                delegateToMethod(method, candidate);
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void delegateToMethod(MethodHolder callingMethod, MethodHolder delegateMethod) {
+        codeGenerator.generateMethodSignature(callingMethod.getReference(),
+                callingMethod.hasModifier(ElementModifier.STATIC), true);
+        writer.println(" {").indent();
+
+        if (callingMethod.getResultType() != ValueType.VOID) {
+            writer.print("return ");
+        }
+
+        writer.print(context.getNames().forMethod(delegateMethod.getReference())).print("(");
+
+        boolean isStatic = callingMethod.hasModifier(ElementModifier.STATIC);
+        int start = 0;
+        if (!isStatic) {
+            writer.print("_this_");
+        } else {
+            if (callingMethod.parameterCount() > 0) {
+                writer.print("local_1");
+            }
+            start++;
+        }
+
+        for (int i = start; i < callingMethod.parameterCount(); ++i) {
+            writer.print(", ").print("local_").print(String.valueOf(i + 1));
+        }
+
+        writer.println(");");
+
+        writer.outdent().println("}");
+    }
+
+    public static String nameOfType(ValueType type) {
+        if (type instanceof ValueType.Primitive) {
+            switch (((ValueType.Primitive) type).getKind()) {
+                case BOOLEAN:
+                    return "boolean";
+                case BYTE:
+                    return "byte";
+                case SHORT:
+                    return "short";
+                case CHARACTER:
+                    return "char";
+                case INTEGER:
+                    return "int";
+                case LONG:
+                    return "long";
+                case FLOAT:
+                    return "float";
+                case DOUBLE:
+                    return "double";
+                default:
+                    throw new AssertionError();
+            }
+        } else if (type instanceof ValueType.Array) {
+            return nameOfType(((ValueType.Array) type).getItemType()) + "[]";
+        } else if (type == ValueType.VOID) {
+            return "void";
+        } else if (type instanceof ValueType.Object) {
+            return ((ValueType.Object) type).getClassName();
+        } else {
+            throw new AssertionError();
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void generateIsSupertypeForwardDeclaration(ValueType type) {
+        String name = context.getNames().forSupertypeFunction(type);
+        writer.println("static int32_t " + name + "(JavaClass*);");
+    }
+
+    public void generateIsSupertypeFunction(ValueType type) {
+        String name = context.getNames().forSupertypeFunction(type);
+        writer.println("static int32_t " + name + "(JavaClass* cls) {").indent();
+
+        if (type instanceof ValueType.Object) {
+            generateIsSuperclassFunction(((ValueType.Object) type).getClassName());
+        } else if (type instanceof ValueType.Primitive) {
+            generateIsSuperPrimitiveFunction((ValueType.Primitive) type);
+        } else if (type == ValueType.VOID) {
+            generateIsSuperclassFunction("java.lang.Void");
+        } else if (type instanceof ValueType.Array) {
+            generateIsSuperArrayFunction(((ValueType.Array) type).getItemType());
+        }
+
+        writer.outdent().println("}");
+    }
+
+    private void generateIsSuperclassFunction(String className) {
+        List<TagRegistry.Range> ranges = tagRegistry.getRanges(className);
+        if (ranges.isEmpty()) {
+            writer.println("return INT32_C(0);");
+            return;
+        }
+
+        String tagName = context.getNames().forMemberField(new FieldReference(
+                RuntimeClass.class.getName(), "tag"));
+        writer.println("int32_t tag = cls->" + tagName + ";");
+
+        int lower = ranges.get(0).lower;
+        int upper = ranges.get(ranges.size() - 1).upper;
+        writer.println("if (tag < " + lower + " || tag > " + upper + ") return INT32_C(0);");
+
+        for (int i = 1; i < ranges.size(); ++i) {
+            lower = ranges.get(i - 1).upper;
+            upper = ranges.get(i).lower;
+            writer.println("if (tag < " + lower + " || tag > " + upper + ") return INT32_C(0);");
+        }
+
+        writer.println("return INT32_C(1);");
+    }
+
+    private void generateIsSuperArrayFunction(ValueType itemType) {
+        String itemTypeName = context.getNames().forMemberField(new FieldReference(
+                RuntimeClass.class.getName(), "itemType"));
+        writer.println("JavaClass* itemType = cls->" + itemTypeName + ";");
+        writer.println("if (itemType == NULL) return INT32_C(0);");
+
+        if (itemType instanceof ValueType.Primitive) {
+            writer.println("return itemType == &" + context.getNames().forClassInstance(itemType) + ";");
+        } else {
+            writer.println("return " + context.getNames().forSupertypeFunction(itemType) + "(itemType);");
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void generateIsSuperPrimitiveFunction(ValueType.Primitive primitive) {
+        switch (primitive.getKind()) {
+            case BOOLEAN:
+                generateIsSuperclassFunction("java.lang.Boolean");
+                break;
+            case BYTE:
+                generateIsSuperclassFunction("java.lang.Byte");
+                break;
+            case SHORT:
+                generateIsSuperclassFunction("java.lang.Short");
+                break;
+            case CHARACTER:
+                generateIsSuperclassFunction("java.lang.Character");
+                break;
+            case INTEGER:
+                generateIsSuperclassFunction("java.lang.Integer");
+                break;
+            case LONG:
+                generateIsSuperclassFunction("java.lang.Long");
+                break;
+            case FLOAT:
+                generateIsSuperclassFunction("java.lang.Float");
+                break;
+            case DOUBLE:
+                generateIsSuperclassFunction("java.lang.Double");
+                break;
+        }
+    }
+}

core/src/main/java/org/teavm/backend/c/generate/CodeGenerationVisitor.java

@@ -0,0 +1,677 @@
+/*
+ *  Copyright 2018 Alexey Andreev.
+ *
+ *  Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ *  you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ *  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *       http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ *  Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ *  distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ *  WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ *  See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ *  limitations under the License.
+ */
+package org.teavm.backend.c.generate;
+
+import java.util.List;
+import org.teavm.ast.ArrayType;
+import org.teavm.ast.AssignmentStatement;
+import org.teavm.ast.BinaryExpr;
+import org.teavm.ast.BlockStatement;
+import org.teavm.ast.BreakStatement;
+import org.teavm.ast.CastExpr;
+import org.teavm.ast.ConditionalExpr;
+import org.teavm.ast.ConditionalStatement;
+import org.teavm.ast.ConstantExpr;
+import org.teavm.ast.ContinueStatement;
+import org.teavm.ast.Expr;
+import org.teavm.ast.ExprVisitor;
+import org.teavm.ast.GotoPartStatement;
+import org.teavm.ast.InitClassStatement;
+import org.teavm.ast.InstanceOfExpr;
+import org.teavm.ast.InvocationExpr;
+import org.teavm.ast.MonitorEnterStatement;
+import org.teavm.ast.MonitorExitStatement;
+import org.teavm.ast.NewArrayExpr;
+import org.teavm.ast.NewExpr;
+import org.teavm.ast.NewMultiArrayExpr;
+import org.teavm.ast.OperationType;
+import org.teavm.ast.PrimitiveCastExpr;
+import org.teavm.ast.QualificationExpr;
+import org.teavm.ast.ReturnStatement;
+import org.teavm.ast.SequentialStatement;
+import org.teavm.ast.Statement;
+import org.teavm.ast.StatementVisitor;
+import org.teavm.ast.SubscriptExpr;
+import org.teavm.ast.SwitchClause;
+import org.teavm.ast.SwitchStatement;
+import org.teavm.ast.ThrowStatement;
+import org.teavm.ast.TryCatchStatement;
+import org.teavm.ast.UnaryExpr;
+import org.teavm.ast.UnwrapArrayExpr;
+import org.teavm.ast.VariableExpr;
+import org.teavm.ast.WhileStatement;
+import org.teavm.backend.c.intrinsic.Intrinsic;
+import org.teavm.backend.c.intrinsic.IntrinsicContext;
+import org.teavm.diagnostics.Diagnostics;
+import org.teavm.interop.Address;
+import org.teavm.model.MethodReader;
+import org.teavm.model.MethodReference;
+import org.teavm.model.ValueType;
+import org.teavm.runtime.Allocator;
+import org.teavm.runtime.ExceptionHandling;
+import org.teavm.runtime.RuntimeClass;
+
+public class CodeGenerationVisitor implements ExprVisitor, StatementVisitor {
+    private static final MethodReference ALLOC_METHOD = new MethodReference(Allocator.class,
+            "allocate", RuntimeClass.class, Address.class);
+    private static final MethodReference ALLOC_ARRAY_METHOD = new MethodReference(Allocator.class,
+            "allocateArray", RuntimeClass.class, int.class, Address.class);
+    private static final MethodReference ALLOC_MULTI_ARRAY_METHOD = new MethodReference(Allocator.class,
+            "allocateMultiArray", RuntimeClass.class, Address.class, int.class, Address.class);
+    private static final MethodReference THROW_EXCEPTION_METHOD = new MethodReference(ExceptionHandling.class,
+            "throwException", Throwable.class, void.class);
+
+    private GenerationContext context;
+    private NameProvider names;
+    private CodeWriter writer;
+    private int temporaryReceiverLevel;
+    private MethodReference callingMethod;
+
+    public CodeGenerationVisitor(GenerationContext context, CodeWriter writer) {
+        this.context = context;
+        this.writer = writer;
+        this.names = context.getNames();
+    }
+
+    public void setCallingMethod(MethodReference callingMethod) {
+        this.callingMethod = callingMethod;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void visit(BinaryExpr expr) {
+        switch (expr.getOperation()) {
+            case COMPARE:
+                writer.print("compare_");
+                switch (expr.getType()) {
+                    case INT:
+                        writer.print("i32");
+                        break;
+                    case LONG:
+                        writer.print("i64");
+                        break;
+                    case FLOAT:
+                        writer.print("float");
+                        break;
+                    case DOUBLE:
+                        writer.print("double");
+                        break;
+                }
+                writer.print("(");
+                expr.getFirstOperand().acceptVisitor(this);
+                writer.print(", ");
+                expr.getSecondOperand().acceptVisitor(this);
+                writer.print(")");
+                return;
+            case UNSIGNED_RIGHT_SHIFT: {
+                String type = expr.getType() == OperationType.LONG ? "int64_t" : "int32_t";
+                writer.print("((" + type + ") ((u" + type + ") ");
+
+                expr.getFirstOperand().acceptVisitor(this);
+                writer.print(" >> ");
+                expr.getSecondOperand().acceptVisitor(this);
+
+                writer.print("))");
+                return;
+            }
+
+            default:
+                break;
+        }
+
+        writer.print("(");
+        expr.getFirstOperand().acceptVisitor(this);
+
+        String op;
+        switch (expr.getOperation()) {
+            case ADD:
+                op = "+";
+                break;
+            case SUBTRACT:
+                op = "-";
+                break;
+            case MULTIPLY:
+                op = "*";
+                break;
+            case DIVIDE:
+                op = "/";
+                break;
+            case MODULO:
+                op = "%";
+                break;
+            case BITWISE_AND:
+                op = "&";
+                break;
+            case BITWISE_OR:
+                op = "|";
+                break;
+            case BITWISE_XOR:
+                op = "^";
+                break;
+            case LEFT_SHIFT:
+                op = "<<";
+                break;
+            case RIGHT_SHIFT:
+                op = ">>";
+                break;
+            case EQUALS:
+                op = "==";
+                break;
+            case NOT_EQUALS:
+                op = "!=";
+                break;
+            case GREATER:
+                op = ">";
+                break;
+            case GREATER_OR_EQUALS:
+                op = ">=";
+                break;
+            case LESS:
+                op = "<";
+                break;
+            case LESS_OR_EQUALS:
+                op = "<=";
+                break;
+            case AND:
+                op = "&&";
+                break;
+            case OR:
+                op = "||";
+                break;
+            default:
+                throw new AssertionError();
+        }
+
+        writer.print(" ").print(op).print(" ");
+        expr.getSecondOperand().acceptVisitor(this);
+        writer.print(")");
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void visit(UnaryExpr expr) {
+        switch (expr.getOperation()) {
+            case NOT:
+                writer.print("(");
+                writer.print("!");
+                expr.getOperand().acceptVisitor(this);
+                writer.print(")");
+                break;
+            case NEGATE:
+                writer.print("(");
+                writer.print("-");
+                expr.getOperand().acceptVisitor(this);
+                writer.print(")");
+                break;
+            case LENGTH:
+                writer.print("ARRAY_LENGTH(");
+                expr.getOperand().acceptVisitor(this);
+                writer.print(")");
+                break;
+            case NULL_CHECK:
+                writer.print("(");
+                expr.getOperand().acceptVisitor(this);
+                writer.print(" == NULL)");
+                break;
+            case INT_TO_BYTE:
+                writer.print("TO_BYTE(");
+                expr.getOperand().acceptVisitor(this);
+                writer.print(")");
+                break;
+            case INT_TO_SHORT:
+                writer.print("TO_SHORT(");
+                expr.getOperand().acceptVisitor(this);
+                writer.print(")");
+                break;
+            case INT_TO_CHAR:
+                writer.print("TO_CHAR(");
+                expr.getOperand().acceptVisitor(this);
+                writer.print(")");
+                break;
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void visit(ConditionalExpr expr) {
+        writer.print("(");
+        expr.getCondition().acceptVisitor(this);
+        writer.print(" ? ");
+        expr.getConsequent().acceptVisitor(this);
+        writer.print(" : ");
+        expr.getAlternative().acceptVisitor(this);
+        writer.print(")");
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void visit(ConstantExpr expr) {
+        Object value = expr.getValue();
+
+        if (value == null) {
+            writer.print("NULL");
+        } else if (value instanceof String) {
+            int index = context.getStringPool().getStringIndex((String) value);
+            writer.print("(stringPool + " + index + ")");
+        } else if (value instanceof Integer) {
+            writer.print("INT32_C(" + value + ")");
+        } else if (value instanceof Long) {
+            writer.print("INT64_C(" + value + ")");
+        } else if (value instanceof Float) {
+            writer.print(value + "f");
+        } else if (value instanceof Double) {
+            writer.print(value.toString());
+        } else if (value instanceof Boolean) {
+            writer.print((Boolean) value ? "1" : "0");
+        } else if (value instanceof ValueType) {
+            writer.print("&").print(names.forClassInstance((ValueType) value));
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void visit(VariableExpr expr) {
+        if (expr.getIndex() == 0) {
+            writer.print("_this_");
+        } else {
+            writer.print("local_" + expr.getIndex());
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void visit(SubscriptExpr expr) {
+        writer.print("ARRAY_AT(");
+        expr.getArray().acceptVisitor(this);
+        writer.print(", ").print(getArrayType(expr.getType())).print(", ");
+        expr.getIndex().acceptVisitor(this);
+        writer.print(")");
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void visit(UnwrapArrayExpr expr) {
+        expr.getArray().acceptVisitor(this);
+    }
+
+    private static String getArrayType(ArrayType type) {
+        switch (type) {
+            case BYTE:
+                return "int8_t";
+            case SHORT:
+                return "int16_t";
+            case CHAR:
+                return "char16_t";
+            case INT:
+                return "int32_t";
+            case LONG:
+                return "int64_t";
+            case FLOAT:
+                return "float";
+            case DOUBLE:
+                return "double";
+            case OBJECT:
+                return "void*";
+            default:
+                throw new AssertionError();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void visit(InvocationExpr expr) {
+        Intrinsic intrinsic = context.getIntrinsic(expr.getMethod());
+        if (intrinsic != null) {
+            intrinsic.apply(intrinsicContext, expr);
+            return;
+        }
+
+        switch (expr.getType()) {
+            case CONSTRUCTOR: {
+                String receiver = "recv_" + temporaryReceiverLevel++;
+                writer.print("(" + receiver + " = ");
+                allocObject(expr.getMethod().getClassName());
+                writer.print(", ");
+
+                MethodReader method = context.getClassSource().resolve(expr.getMethod());
+                writer.print(names.forMethod(method.getReference()));
+
+                writer.print("(" + receiver);
+                for (Expr arg : expr.getArguments()) {
+                    writer.print(", ");
+                    arg.acceptVisitor(this);
+                }
+                writer.print("), " + receiver + ")");
+
+                --temporaryReceiverLevel;
+
+                break;
+            }
+            case SPECIAL:
+            case STATIC: {
+                MethodReader method = context.getClassSource().resolve(expr.getMethod());
+                writer.print(names.forMethod(method.getReference()));
+
+                writer.print("(");
+                if (!expr.getArguments().isEmpty()) {
+                    expr.getArguments().get(0).acceptVisitor(this);
+                    for (int i = 1; i < expr.getArguments().size(); ++i) {
+                        writer.print(", ");
+                        expr.getArguments().get(i).acceptVisitor(this);
+                    }
+                }
+                writer.print(")");
+
+                break;
+            }
+            case DYNAMIC: {
+                String receiver = "recv_" + temporaryReceiverLevel++;
+                writer.print("((").print(receiver).print(" = ");
+                expr.getArguments().get(0).acceptVisitor(this);
+
+                writer.print("), METHOD(")
+                        .print(receiver).print(", ")
+                        .print(names.forClassClass(expr.getMethod().getClassName())).print(", ")
+                        .print(names.forVirtualMethod(expr.getMethod()))
+                        .print(")(").print(receiver);
+                for (int i = 1; i < expr.getArguments().size(); ++i) {
+                    writer.print(", ");
+                    expr.getArguments().get(i).acceptVisitor(this);
+                }
+                writer.print("))");
+
+                temporaryReceiverLevel--;
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void visit(QualificationExpr expr) {
+        if (expr.getQualified() != null) {
+            writer.print("FIELD(");
+            expr.getQualified().acceptVisitor(this);
+            writer.print(", ").print(names.forClass(expr.getField().getClassName()) + ", "
+                    + names.forMemberField(expr.getField()) + ")");
+        } else {
+            writer.print(names.forStaticField(expr.getField()));
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void visit(NewExpr expr) {
+        allocObject(expr.getConstructedClass());
+    }
+
+    private void allocObject(String className) {
+        writer.print(names.forMethod(ALLOC_METHOD)).print("(&")
+                .print(names.forClassInstance(ValueType.object(className)))
+                .print(")");
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void visit(NewArrayExpr expr) {
+        writer.print(names.forMethod(ALLOC_ARRAY_METHOD)).print("(&")
+                .print(names.forClassInstance(ValueType.arrayOf(expr.getType()))).print(", ");
+        expr.getLength().acceptVisitor(this);
+        writer.print(")");
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void visit(NewMultiArrayExpr expr) {
+        writer.print(names.forMethod(ALLOC_MULTI_ARRAY_METHOD)).print("(&")
+                .print(names.forClassInstance(expr.getType())).print(", ");
+
+        writer.print("(int32_t[]) {");
+        expr.getDimensions().get(0).acceptVisitor(this);
+        for (int i = 1; i < expr.getDimensions().size(); ++i) {
+            writer.print(", ");
+            expr.getDimensions().get(i).acceptVisitor(this);
+        }
+
+        writer.print("}, ").print(String.valueOf(expr.getDimensions().size())).print(")");
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void visit(InstanceOfExpr expr) {
+        writer.print("instanceof(");
+        expr.getExpr().acceptVisitor(this);
+        writer.print(", ").print(names.forSupertypeFunction(expr.getType())).print(")");
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void visit(CastExpr expr) {
+        if (expr.getTarget() instanceof ValueType.Object) {
+            String className = ((ValueType.Object) expr.getTarget()).getClassName();
+            if (context.getCharacteristics().isStructure(className)
+                    || className.equals(Address.class.getName())) {
+                expr.getValue().acceptVisitor(this);
+                return;
+            }
+        }
+        writer.print("checkcast(");
+        expr.getValue().acceptVisitor(this);
+        writer.print(", ").print(names.forSupertypeFunction(expr.getTarget())).print(")");
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void visit(PrimitiveCastExpr expr) {
+        writer.print("((");
+        switch (expr.getTarget()) {
+            case INT:
+                writer.print("int32_t");
+                break;
+            case LONG:
+                writer.print("int64_t");
+                break;
+            case FLOAT:
+                writer.print("float");
+                break;
+            case DOUBLE:
+                writer.print("double");
+                break;
+        }
+        writer.print(") ");
+        expr.getValue().acceptVisitor(this);
+        writer.print(")");
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void visit(AssignmentStatement statement) {
+        if (statement.getLeftValue() != null) {
+            statement.getLeftValue().acceptVisitor(this);
+            writer.print(" = ");
+        }
+        statement.getRightValue().acceptVisitor(this);
+        writer.println(";");
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void visit(SequentialStatement statement) {
+        visitMany(statement.getSequence());
+    }
+
+    private void visitMany(List<Statement> statements) {
+        for (Statement statement : statements) {
+            statement.acceptVisitor(this);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void visit(ConditionalStatement statement) {
+        while (true) {
+            writer.print("if (");
+            statement.getCondition().acceptVisitor(this);
+            writer.println(") {").indent();
+
+            visitMany(statement.getConsequent());
+            writer.outdent().print("}");
+
+            if (statement.getAlternative().isEmpty()) {
+                writer.println();
+                break;
+            }
+
+            writer.print(" else ");
+            if (statement.getAlternative().size() == 1
+                    && statement.getAlternative().get(0) instanceof ConditionalStatement) {
+                statement = (ConditionalStatement) statement.getAlternative().get(0);
+            } else {
+                writer.println("{").indent();
+                visitMany(statement.getAlternative());
+                writer.outdent().println("}");
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void visit(SwitchStatement statement) {
+        writer.print("switch (");
+        statement.getValue().acceptVisitor(this);
+        writer.print(") {").println().indent();
+
+        for (SwitchClause clause : statement.getClauses()) {
+            for (int condition : clause.getConditions()) {
+                writer.println("case " + condition + ":");
+            }
+
+            writer.indent();
+            visitMany(clause.getBody());
+            writer.println("break;");
+            writer.outdent();
+        }
+
+        if (!statement.getDefaultClause().isEmpty()) {
+            writer.println("default:").indent();
+            visitMany(statement.getDefaultClause());
+            writer.outdent();
+        }
+
+        writer.outdent().println("}");
+
+        if (statement.getId() != null) {
+            writer.outdent().println("label_" + statement.getId() + ":;").indent();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void visit(WhileStatement statement) {
+        writer.print("while (");
+        if (statement.getCondition() != null) {
+            statement.getCondition().acceptVisitor(this);
+        } else {
+            writer.print("1");
+        }
+        writer.println(") {").indent();
+
+        visitMany(statement.getBody());
+
+        if (statement.getId() != null) {
+            writer.outdent().println("cnt_" + statement.getId() + ":;").indent();
+        }
+        writer.outdent().println("}");
+
+        if (statement.getId() != null) {
+            writer.outdent().println("label_" + statement.getId() + ":;").indent();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void visit(BlockStatement statement) {
+        visitMany(statement.getBody());
+
+        if (statement.getId() != null) {
+            writer.outdent().println("label_" + statement.getId() + ":;").indent();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void visit(BreakStatement statement) {
+        if (statement.getTarget() == null || statement.getTarget().getId() == null) {
+            writer.println("break;");
+        } else {
+            writer.println("goto label_" + statement.getTarget().getId() + ";");
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void visit(ContinueStatement statement) {
+        if (statement.getTarget() == null || statement.getTarget().getId() == null) {
+            writer.println("continue;");
+        } else {
+            writer.println("goto cnt_" + statement.getTarget().getId() + ";");
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void visit(ReturnStatement statement) {
+        writer.print("return");
+        if (statement.getResult() != null) {
+            writer.print(" ");
+            statement.getResult().acceptVisitor(this);
+        }
+        writer.println(";");
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void visit(ThrowStatement statement) {
+        writer.print(names.forMethod(THROW_EXCEPTION_METHOD)).print("(");
+        statement.getException().acceptVisitor(this);
+        writer.println(");");
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void visit(InitClassStatement statement) {
+        writer.println(names.forClassInitializer(statement.getClassName()) + "();");
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void visit(TryCatchStatement statement) {
+
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void visit(GotoPartStatement statement) {
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void visit(MonitorEnterStatement statement) {
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void visit(MonitorExitStatement statement) {
+    }
+
+    private IntrinsicContext intrinsicContext = new IntrinsicContext() {
+        @Override
+        public CodeWriter writer() {
+            return writer;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public NameProvider names() {
+            return names;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void emit(Expr expr) {
+            expr.acceptVisitor(CodeGenerationVisitor.this);
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public Diagnostics getDiagnotics() {
+            return context.getDiagnostics();
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public MethodReference getCallingMethod() {
+            return callingMethod;
+        }
+    };
+}

core/src/main/java/org/teavm/backend/c/generate/CodeGenerator.java

@@ -0,0 +1,100 @@
+/*
+ *  Copyright 2018 Alexey Andreev.
+ *
+ *  Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ *  you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ *  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *       http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ *  Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ *  distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ *  WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ *  See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ *  limitations under the License.
+ */
+package org.teavm.backend.c.generate;
+
+import org.teavm.ast.RegularMethodNode;
+import org.teavm.ast.VariableNode;
+import org.teavm.backend.c.analyze.TemporaryVariableEstimator;
+import org.teavm.model.ElementModifier;
+import org.teavm.model.MethodDescriptor;
+import org.teavm.model.MethodReference;
+
+public class CodeGenerator {
+    private GenerationContext context;
+    private CodeWriter writer;
+    private NameProvider names;
+
+    public CodeGenerator(GenerationContext context, CodeWriter writer) {
+        this.context = context;
+        this.writer = writer;
+        this.names = context.getNames();
+    }
+
+    public void generateMethod(RegularMethodNode methodNode) {
+        generateMethodSignature(methodNode.getReference(),
+                methodNode.getModifiers().contains(ElementModifier.STATIC), true);
+
+        writer.print(" {").indent().println();
+
+        generateLocals(methodNode);
+
+        CodeGenerationVisitor visitor = new CodeGenerationVisitor(context, writer);
+        visitor.setCallingMethod(methodNode.getReference());
+        methodNode.getBody().acceptVisitor(visitor);
+
+        writer.outdent().println("}");
+    }
+
+    public void generateMethodSignature(MethodReference methodRef, boolean isStatic, boolean withNames) {
+        writer.print("static ");
+        writer.printType(methodRef.getReturnType()).print(" ").print(names.forMethod(methodRef)).print("(");
+
+        generateMethodParameters(methodRef.getDescriptor(), isStatic, withNames);
+
+        writer.print(")");
+    }
+
+    public void generateMethodParameters(MethodDescriptor methodRef, boolean isStatic, boolean withNames) {
+        if (methodRef.parameterCount() == 0 && isStatic) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        int start = 0;
+        if (!isStatic) {
+            writer.print("void*");
+            if (withNames) {
+                writer.print(" _this_");
+            }
+        } else {
+            writer.printType(methodRef.parameterType(0));
+            if (withNames) {
+                writer.print(" local_1");
+            }
+            start++;
+        }
+
+        for (int i = start; i < methodRef.parameterCount(); ++i) {
+            writer.print(", ").printType(methodRef.parameterType(i));
+            if (withNames) {
+                writer.print(" ").print("local_").print(String.valueOf(i + 1));
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void generateLocals(RegularMethodNode methodNode) {
+        int start = methodNode.getReference().parameterCount() + 1;
+        for (int i = start; i < methodNode.getVariables().size(); ++i) {
+            VariableNode variableNode = methodNode.getVariables().get(i);
+            writer.printType(variableNode.getType()).print(" local_").print(String.valueOf(i)).println(";");
+        }
+
+        TemporaryVariableEstimator temporaryEstimator = new TemporaryVariableEstimator();
+        methodNode.getBody().acceptVisitor(temporaryEstimator);
+        for (int i = 0; i < temporaryEstimator.getMaxReceiverIndex(); ++i) {
+            writer.print("void* recv_").print(String.valueOf(i)).println(";");
+        }
+    }
+}

core/src/main/java/org/teavm/backend/c/generate/CodeWriter.java

@@ -0,0 +1,151 @@
+/*
+ *  Copyright 2018 Alexey Andreev.
+ *
+ *  Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ *  you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ *  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *       http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ *  Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ *  distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ *  WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ *  See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ *  limitations under the License.
+ */
+package org.teavm.backend.c.generate;
+
+import java.io.PrintWriter;
+import org.teavm.model.ValueType;
+import org.teavm.model.util.VariableType;
+
+public class CodeWriter {
+    private PrintWriter writer;
+    private int indentLevel;
+    private boolean isLineStart;
+
+    public CodeWriter(PrintWriter writer) {
+        this.writer = writer;
+    }
+
+    public CodeWriter println() {
+        return println("");
+    }
+
+    public CodeWriter println(String string) {
+        addIndentIfNecessary();
+        writer.print(string);
+        writer.print("\n");
+        isLineStart = true;
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    public CodeWriter print(String string) {
+        addIndentIfNecessary();
+        writer.print(string);
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    public CodeWriter indent() {
+        indentLevel++;
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    public CodeWriter outdent() {
+        indentLevel--;
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    private void addIndentIfNecessary() {
+        if (isLineStart) {
+            for (int i = 0; i < indentLevel; ++i) {
+                writer.print("    ");
+            }
+            isLineStart = false;
+        }
+    }
+
+    public CodeWriter printType(ValueType type) {
+        print(typeAsString(type));
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    public CodeWriter printStrictType(ValueType type) {
+        print(strictTypeAsString(type));
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    public static String strictTypeAsString(ValueType type) {
+        if (type instanceof ValueType.Primitive) {
+            switch (((ValueType.Primitive) type).getKind()) {
+                case BOOLEAN:
+                case BYTE:
+                    return "int8_t";
+                case SHORT:
+                    return "int16_t";
+                case CHARACTER:
+                    return "char16_t";
+                default:
+                    break;
+            }
+        }
+        return typeAsString(type);
+    }
+
+    public static String typeAsString(ValueType type) {
+        if (type instanceof ValueType.Primitive) {
+            switch (((ValueType.Primitive) type).getKind()) {
+                case BOOLEAN:
+                case BYTE:
+                case SHORT:
+                case CHARACTER:
+                case INTEGER:
+                    return "int32_t";
+                case LONG:
+                    return "int64_t";
+                case FLOAT:
+                    return "float";
+                case DOUBLE:
+                    return "double";
+            }
+        } else if (type instanceof ValueType.Array) {
+            return "JavaArray*";
+        } else if (type == ValueType.VOID) {
+            return "void";
+        }
+
+        return "void*";
+    }
+
+    public CodeWriter printType(VariableType type) {
+        switch (type) {
+            case INT:
+                print("int32_t");
+                break;
+            case LONG:
+                print("int64_t");
+                break;
+            case FLOAT:
+                print("float");
+                break;
+            case DOUBLE:
+                print("double");
+                break;
+            case OBJECT:
+                print("void*");
+                break;
+            case BYTE_ARRAY:
+            case CHAR_ARRAY:
+            case SHORT_ARRAY:
+            case INT_ARRAY:
+            case LONG_ARRAY:
+            case FLOAT_ARRAY:
+            case DOUBLE_ARRAY:
+            case OBJECT_ARRAY:
+                print("JavaArray*");
+                break;
+        }
+
+        return this;
+    }
+}

core/src/main/java/org/teavm/backend/c/generate/GenerationContext.java

@@ -0,0 +1,79 @@
+/*
+ *  Copyright 2018 Alexey Andreev.
+ *
+ *  Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ *  you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ *  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *       http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ *  Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ *  distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ *  WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ *  See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ *  limitations under the License.
+ */
+package org.teavm.backend.c.generate;
+
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+import org.teavm.backend.c.analyze.Characteristics;
+import org.teavm.backend.c.intrinsic.Intrinsic;
+import org.teavm.diagnostics.Diagnostics;
+import org.teavm.model.ClassReaderSource;
+import org.teavm.model.MethodReference;
+import org.teavm.model.classes.VirtualTableProvider;
+
+public class GenerationContext {
+    private VirtualTableProvider virtualTableProvider;
+    private Characteristics characteristics;
+    private StringPool stringPool;
+    private NameProvider names;
+    private Diagnostics diagnostics;
+    private ClassReaderSource classSource;
+    private List<Intrinsic> intrinsics;
+    private Map<MethodReference, Intrinsic> intrinsicCache = new HashMap<>();
+
+    public GenerationContext(VirtualTableProvider virtualTableProvider, Characteristics characteristics,
+            StringPool stringPool, NameProvider names, Diagnostics diagnostics, ClassReaderSource classSource,
+            List<Intrinsic> intrinsics) {
+        this.virtualTableProvider = virtualTableProvider;
+        this.characteristics = characteristics;
+        this.stringPool = stringPool;
+        this.names = names;
+        this.diagnostics = diagnostics;
+        this.classSource = classSource;
+        this.intrinsics = new ArrayList<>(intrinsics);
+    }
+
+    public VirtualTableProvider getVirtualTableProvider() {
+        return virtualTableProvider;
+    }
+
+    public Characteristics getCharacteristics() {
+        return characteristics;
+    }
+
+    public StringPool getStringPool() {
+        return stringPool;
+    }
+
+    public NameProvider getNames() {
+        return names;
+    }
+
+    public Diagnostics getDiagnostics() {
+        return diagnostics;
+    }
+
+    public ClassReaderSource getClassSource() {
+        return classSource;
+    }
+
+    public Intrinsic getIntrinsic(MethodReference method) {
+        return intrinsicCache.computeIfAbsent(method,
+                m -> intrinsics.stream().filter(i -> i.canHandle(m)).findFirst().orElse(null));
+    }
+}

core/src/main/java/org/teavm/backend/c/generate/NameProvider.java

@@ -0,0 +1,229 @@
+/*
+ *  Copyright 2018 Alexey Andreev.
+ *
+ *  Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ *  you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ *  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *       http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ *  Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ *  distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ *  WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ *  See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ *  limitations under the License.
+ */
+package org.teavm.backend.c.generate;
+
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.HashSet;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.Set;
+import org.teavm.interop.Export;
+import org.teavm.interop.Import;
+import org.teavm.model.AnnotationReader;
+import org.teavm.model.ClassReaderSource;
+import org.teavm.model.FieldReference;
+import org.teavm.model.MethodReader;
+import org.teavm.model.MethodReference;
+import org.teavm.model.ValueType;
+import org.teavm.runtime.RuntimeArray;
+import org.teavm.runtime.RuntimeClass;
+import org.teavm.runtime.RuntimeObject;
+
+public class NameProvider {
+    private ClassReaderSource classSource;
+
+    private Set<String> occupiedTopLevelNames = new HashSet<>();
+    private Map<String, Set<String>> occupiedVtableNames = new HashMap<>();
+    private Map<String, Set<String>> occupiedClassNames = new HashMap<>();
+
+    private Map<MethodReference, String> methodNames = new HashMap<>();
+    private Map<MethodReference, String> virtualMethodNames = new HashMap<>();
+
+    private Map<FieldReference, String> staticFieldNames = new HashMap<>();
+    private Map<FieldReference, String> memberFieldNames = new HashMap<>();
+
+    private Map<String, String> classNames = new HashMap<>();
+    private Map<String, String> classInitializerNames = new HashMap<>();
+    private Map<String, String> classClassNames = new HashMap<>();
+    private Map<ValueType, String> classInstanceNames = new HashMap<>();
+    private Map<ValueType, String> supertypeNames = new HashMap<>();
+
+    public NameProvider(ClassReaderSource classSource) {
+        this.classSource = classSource;
+
+        occupiedTopLevelNames.add("JavaObject");
+        occupiedTopLevelNames.add("JavaArray");
+        occupiedTopLevelNames.add("JavaString");
+        occupiedTopLevelNames.add("JavaClass");
+
+        classNames.put(RuntimeObject.class.getName(), "JavaObject");
+        classNames.put(String.class.getName(), "JavaString");
+        classNames.put(RuntimeClass.class.getName(), "JavaClass");
+        classNames.put(RuntimeArray.class.getName(), "JavaArray");
+
+        memberFieldNames.put(new FieldReference(RuntimeObject.class.getName(), "classReference"), "header");
+        memberFieldNames.put(new FieldReference(RuntimeArray.class.getName(), "size"), "size");
+
+        occupiedClassNames.put(RuntimeObject.class.getName(), new HashSet<>(Arrays.asList("header")));
+        occupiedClassNames.put(RuntimeArray.class.getName(), new HashSet<>(Arrays.asList("length")));
+    }
+
+    public String forMethod(MethodReference method) {
+        return methodNames.computeIfAbsent(method, k -> {
+            String specialName = getSpecialName(k);
+            return specialName == null ? pickUnoccupied(suggestForMethod(k)) : specialName;
+        });
+    }
+
+    public String forVirtualMethod(MethodReference method) {
+        return virtualMethodNames.computeIfAbsent(method, k -> {
+            Set<String> occupied = occupiedVtableNames.computeIfAbsent(k.getClassName(),
+                    c -> new HashSet<>(Arrays.asList("parent")));
+            return pickUnoccupied(k.getName(), occupied);
+        });
+    }
+
+    private String getSpecialName(MethodReference methodReference) {
+        MethodReader method = classSource.resolve(methodReference);
+        if (method == null) {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        AnnotationReader exportAnnot = method.getAnnotations().get(Export.class.getName());
+        if (exportAnnot != null) {
+            return exportAnnot.getValue("name").getString();
+        }
+
+        AnnotationReader importAnnot = method.getAnnotations().get(Import.class.getName());
+        if (importAnnot != null) {
+            return importAnnot.getValue("name").getString();
+        }
+
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    public String forStaticField(FieldReference field) {
+        return staticFieldNames.computeIfAbsent(field, k -> pickUnoccupied(suggestForStaticField(k)));
+    }
+
+    public String forMemberField(FieldReference field) {
+        return memberFieldNames.computeIfAbsent(field, k -> {
+            Set<String> occupied = occupiedClassNames.computeIfAbsent(k.getClassName(),
+                    c -> new HashSet<>(Arrays.asList("parent")));
+            return pickUnoccupied(field.getFieldName(), occupied);
+        });
+    }
+
+    public String forClass(String className) {
+        return classNames.computeIfAbsent(className, k -> pickUnoccupied(suggestForClass(k)));
+    }
+
+    public String forClassInitializer(String className) {
+        return classInitializerNames.computeIfAbsent(className, k -> pickUnoccupied("initclass_" + suggestForClass(k)));
+    }
+
+    public String forClassClass(String className) {
+        return classClassNames.computeIfAbsent(className, k -> pickUnoccupied(suggestForClass(k) + "_VT"));
+    }
+
+    public String forClassInstance(ValueType type) {
+        return classInstanceNames.computeIfAbsent(type, k -> pickUnoccupied(suggestForType(k) + "_Cls"));
+    }
+
+    public String forSupertypeFunction(ValueType type) {
+        return supertypeNames.computeIfAbsent(type, k -> pickUnoccupied("supertypeof_" + suggestForType(k)));
+    }
+
+    private String suggestForMethod(MethodReference method) {
+        StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
+        suggestForClass(method.getClassName(), sb);
+        sb.append('_');
+        sb.append(sanitize(method.getName()));
+        return sb.toString();
+    }
+
+    private String suggestForStaticField(FieldReference field) {
+        StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
+        suggestForClass(field.getClassName(), sb);
+        sb.append('_');
+        sb.append(field.getFieldName());
+        return sb.toString();
+    }
+
+    private String suggestForClass(String className) {
+        StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
+        suggestForClass(className, sb);
+        return sb.toString();
+    }
+
+    private void suggestForClass(String className, StringBuilder sb) {
+        int index = 0;
+        while (true) {
+            int next = className.indexOf('.', index);
+            if (next < 0) {
+                if (index > 0) {
+                    sb.append('_');
+                    sb.append(sanitize(className.substring(index)));
+                } else {
+                    sb.append(sanitize(className));
+                }
+                return;
+            }
+
+            sb.append(sanitize(String.valueOf(className.charAt(index))));
+            index = next + 1;
+        }
+    }
+
+    private String suggestForType(ValueType type) {
+        StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
+        suggestForType(type, sb);
+        return sb.toString();
+    }
+
+    private void suggestForType(ValueType type, StringBuilder sb) {
+        if (type instanceof ValueType.Object) {
+            suggestForClass(((ValueType.Object) type).getClassName(), sb);
+        } else if (type instanceof ValueType.Array) {
+            sb.append("Arr_");
+            suggestForType(((ValueType.Array) type).getItemType(), sb);
+        } else {
+            sb.append(type.toString());
+        }
+    }
+
+    private String sanitize(String name) {
+        StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
+        for (int i = 0; i < name.length(); ++i) {
+            char c = name.charAt(i);
+            switch (c) {
+                case '>':
+                case '<':
+                case '$':
+                    sb.append('_');
+                    break;
+                default:
+                    sb.append(c);
+                    break;
+            }
+        }
+        return sb.toString();
+    }
+
+    private String pickUnoccupied(String name) {
+        return pickUnoccupied(name, occupiedTopLevelNames);
+    }
+
+    private String pickUnoccupied(String name, Set<String> occupied) {
+        String result = name;
+        int index = 0;
+        while (!occupied.add(result)) {
+            result = name + "_" + index++;
+        }
+
+        return result;
+    }
+}

core/src/main/java/org/teavm/backend/c/generate/StringPool.java

@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+/*
+ *  Copyright 2018 Alexey Andreev.
+ *
+ *  Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ *  you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ *  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *       http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ *  Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ *  distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ *  WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ *  See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ *  limitations under the License.
+ */
+package org.teavm.backend.c.generate;
+
+import com.carrotsearch.hppc.ObjectIntHashMap;
+import com.carrotsearch.hppc.ObjectIntMap;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Collections;
+import java.util.List;
+
+public class StringPool {
+    private final ObjectIntMap<String> stringIndexes = new ObjectIntHashMap<>();
+    private final List<String> strings = new ArrayList<>();
+    private final List<String> readonlyStrings = Collections.unmodifiableList(strings);
+
+    public int getStringIndex(String string) {
+        int index = stringIndexes.getOrDefault(string, -1);
+        if (index < 0) {
+            index = strings.size();
+            stringIndexes.put(string, index);
+            strings.add(string);
+        }
+        return index;
+    }
+
+    public List<String> getStrings() {
+        return readonlyStrings;
+    }
+}

core/src/main/java/org/teavm/backend/c/generate/StringPoolGenerator.java

@@ -0,0 +1,100 @@
+/*
+ *  Copyright 2018 Alexey Andreev.
+ *
+ *  Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ *  you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ *  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *       http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ *  Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ *  distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ *  WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ *  See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ *  limitations under the License.
+ */
+package org.teavm.backend.c.generate;
+
+import java.util.List;
+import org.teavm.model.FieldReference;
+
+public class StringPoolGenerator {
+    private CodeWriter writer;
+    private NameProvider names;
+
+    public StringPoolGenerator(CodeWriter writer, NameProvider names) {
+        this.writer = writer;
+        this.names = names;
+    }
+
+    public void generate(List<? extends String> strings) {
+        generateStringArrays(strings);
+        generateStringObjects(strings);
+    }
+
+    private void generateStringArrays(List<? extends String> strings) {
+        for (int i = 0; i < strings.size(); ++i) {
+            String s = strings.get(i);
+            writer.print("static struct { JavaArray hdr; char16_t data[" + s.length() + 1 + "]; } str_array_" + i)
+                    .println(" = {").indent();
+            writer.println(".hdr = { .parent = {}, .size = " + s.length() + "},");
+            writer.print(".data = ");
+            generateStringLiteral(s);
+            writer.println();
+
+            writer.outdent().println("};");
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void generateStringObjects(List<? extends String> strings) {
+        String charactersName = names.forMemberField(new FieldReference(String.class.getName(), "characters"));
+        String hashCodeName = names.forMemberField(new FieldReference(String.class.getName(), "hashCode"));
+
+        writer.println("static JavaString stringPool[" + strings.size() + "] = {").indent();
+        for (int i = 0; i < strings.size(); ++i) {
+            writer.println("{").indent();
+            writer.println(".parent = {},");
+            writer.println("." + charactersName + " = (JavaArray*) &str_array_" + i + ",");
+            writer.println("." + hashCodeName + " = INT32_C(" + strings.get(i).hashCode() + ")");
+            writer.outdent().print("}");
+
+            if (i < strings.size() - 1) {
+                writer.print(",");
+            }
+            writer.println();
+        }
+        writer.outdent().println("};");
+    }
+
+    private void generateStringLiteral(String string) {
+        writer.print("u\"");
+
+        for (int j = 0; j < string.length(); ++j) {
+            char c = string.charAt(j);
+            switch (c) {
+                case '\r':
+                    writer.print("\\r");
+                    break;
+                case '\n':
+                    writer.print("\\n");
+                    break;
+                case '\t':
+                    writer.print("\\t");
+                    break;
+                default:
+                    if (c < 32 || c > 127) {
+                        writer.print("\\u"
+                                + Character.forDigit(c >> 12, 16)
+                                + Character.forDigit((c >> 8) & 15, 16)
+                                + Character.forDigit((c >> 4) & 15, 16)
+                                + Character.forDigit(c & 15, 16));
+                    } else {
+                        writer.print(String.valueOf(c));
+                    }
+                    break;
+            }
+        }
+
+        writer.print("\"");
+    }
+}

core/src/main/java/org/teavm/backend/c/intrinsic/AddressIntrinsic.java

@@ -0,0 +1,208 @@
+/*
+ *  Copyright 2018 Alexey Andreev.
+ *
+ *  Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ *  you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ *  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *       http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ *  Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ *  distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ *  WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ *  See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ *  limitations under the License.
+ */
+package org.teavm.backend.c.intrinsic;
+
+import org.teavm.ast.InvocationExpr;
+import org.teavm.interop.Address;
+import org.teavm.model.MethodReference;
+
+public class AddressIntrinsic implements Intrinsic {
+    @Override
+    public boolean canHandle(MethodReference method) {
+        if (!method.getClassName().equals(Address.class.getName())) {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        switch (method.getName()) {
+            case "fromInt":
+            case "fromLong":
+            case "toInt":
+            case "toLong":
+            case "toStructure":
+            case "ofObject":
+
+            case "getByte":
+            case "getShort":
+            case "getChar":
+            case "getInt":
+            case "getLong":
+            case "getFloat":
+            case "getDouble":
+            case "getAddress":
+
+            case "putByte":
+            case "putShort":
+            case "putChar":
+            case "putInt":
+            case "putLong":
+            case "putFloat":
+            case "putDouble":
+            case "putAddress":
+
+            case "add":
+            case "isLessThan":
+            case "align":
+            case "sizeOf":
+                return true;
+            default:
+                return false;
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void apply(IntrinsicContext context, InvocationExpr invocation) {
+        switch (invocation.getMethod().getName()) {
+            case "fromInt":
+            case "fromLong":
+                context.writer().print("((void*) (intptr_t) ");
+                context.emit(invocation.getArguments().get(0));
+                context.writer().print(")");
+                break;
+            case "toInt":
+                context.writer().print("((int32_t) (intptr_t) ");
+                context.emit(invocation.getArguments().get(0));
+                context.writer().print(")");
+                break;
+            case "toLong":
+                context.writer().print("((int64_t) (intptr_t) ");
+                context.emit(invocation.getArguments().get(0));
+                context.writer().print(")");
+                break;
+            case "toStructure":
+            case "ofObject":
+                context.emit(invocation.getArguments().get(0));
+                break;
+
+            case "getByte":
+                context.writer().print("((int32_t) *(int8_t*) ");
+                context.emit(invocation.getArguments().get(0));
+                context.writer().print(")");
+                break;
+            case "getShort":
+                context.writer().print("((int32_t) *(int16_t*) ");
+                context.emit(invocation.getArguments().get(0));
+                context.writer().print(")");
+                break;
+            case "getChar":
+                context.writer().print("((int32_t) *(uchar16_t*) ");
+                context.emit(invocation.getArguments().get(0));
+                context.writer().print(")");
+                break;
+            case "getInt":
+                getValue(context, invocation, "int32_t");
+                break;
+            case "getLong":
+                getValue(context, invocation, "int64_t");
+                break;
+            case "getFloat":
+                getValue(context, invocation, "float");
+                break;
+            case "getDouble":
+                getValue(context, invocation, "double");
+                break;
+            case "getAddress":
+                getValue(context, invocation, "void*");
+                break;
+
+            case "putByte":
+                context.writer().print("(*(int8_t*) ");
+                context.emit(invocation.getArguments().get(0));
+                context.writer().print(" = (int8_t) ");
+                context.emit(invocation.getArguments().get(1));
+                context.writer().print(")");
+                break;
+            case "putShort":
+                context.writer().print("(*(int16_t*) ");
+                context.emit(invocation.getArguments().get(0));
+                context.writer().print(" = (int16_t) ");
+                context.emit(invocation.getArguments().get(1));
+                context.writer().print(")");
+                break;
+            case "putChar":
+                context.writer().print("(*(uchar16_t*) ");
+                context.emit(invocation.getArguments().get(0));
+                context.writer().print(" = (uchar16_t) ");
+                context.emit(invocation.getArguments().get(1));
+                context.writer().print(")");
+                break;
+            case "putInt":
+                putValue(context, invocation, "int32_t");
+                break;
+            case "putLong":
+                putValue(context, invocation, "int64_t");
+                break;
+            case "putFloat":
+                putValue(context, invocation, "float");
+                break;
+            case "putDouble":
+                putValue(context, invocation, "double");
+                break;
+            case "putAddress":
+                putValue(context, invocation, "void*");
+                break;
+
+            case "add":
+                if (invocation.getArguments().size() == 2) {
+                    context.writer().print("ADDRESS_ADD(");
+                    context.emit(invocation.getArguments().get(0));
+                    context.writer().print(", ");
+                    context.emit(invocation.getArguments().get(1));
+                    context.writer().print(")");
+                } else {
+                    context.writer().print("ADDRESS_ADD(");
+                    context.emit(invocation.getArguments().get(0));
+                    context.writer().print(", ");
+                    String className = StructureIntrinsic.getClassLiteral(context, invocation,
+                            invocation.getArguments().get(1));
+                    context.emit(invocation.getArguments().get(2));
+                    context.writer().print(" * sizeof(").print(context.names().forClass(className)).print(")");
+                    context.writer().print(")");
+                }
+                break;
+            case "isLessThan":
+                context.writer().print("((uintptr_t) ");
+                context.emit(invocation.getArguments().get(0));
+                context.writer().print(" < (uintptr_t) ");
+                context.emit(invocation.getArguments().get(1));
+                context.writer().print(")");
+                break;
+            case "align":
+                context.writer().print("ALIGN(");
+                context.emit(invocation.getArguments().get(0));
+                context.writer().print(", ");
+                context.emit(invocation.getArguments().get(1));
+                context.writer().print(")");
+                break;
+            case "sizeOf":
+                context.writer().print("sizeof(void*)");
+                break;
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void getValue(IntrinsicContext context, InvocationExpr invocation, String type) {
+        context.writer().print("(*(" + type + "*) ");
+        context.emit(invocation.getArguments().get(0));
+        context.writer().print(")");
+    }
+
+    private void putValue(IntrinsicContext context, InvocationExpr invocation, String type) {
+        context.writer().print("(*(" + type + "*) ");
+        context.emit(invocation.getArguments().get(0));
+        context.writer().print(" = ");
+        context.emit(invocation.getArguments().get(1));
+        context.writer().print(")");
+    }
+}

core/src/main/java/org/teavm/backend/c/intrinsic/AllocatorIntrinsic.java

@@ -0,0 +1,70 @@
+/*
+ *  Copyright 2018 Alexey Andreev.
+ *
+ *  Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ *  you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ *  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *       http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ *  Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ *  distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ *  WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ *  See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ *  limitations under the License.
+ */
+package org.teavm.backend.c.intrinsic;
+
+import org.teavm.ast.InvocationExpr;
+import org.teavm.model.FieldReference;
+import org.teavm.model.MethodReference;
+import org.teavm.runtime.Allocator;
+import org.teavm.runtime.RuntimeClass;
+
+public class AllocatorIntrinsic implements Intrinsic {
+    private static final FieldReference FLAGS_FIELD = new FieldReference(RuntimeClass.class.getName(), "flags");
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean canHandle(MethodReference method) {
+        if (!method.getClassName().equals(Allocator.class.getName())) {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        switch (method.getName()) {
+            case "fillZero":
+            case "moveMemoryBlock":
+            case "isInitialized":
+                return true;
+            default:
+                return false;
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void apply(IntrinsicContext context, InvocationExpr invocation) {
+        switch (invocation.getMethod().getName()) {
+            case "fillZero":
+                context.writer().print("memset(");
+                context.emit(invocation.getArguments().get(0));
+                context.writer().print(", 0, ");
+                context.emit(invocation.getArguments().get(1));
+                context.writer().print(")");
+                break;
+            case "moveMemoryBlock":
+                context.writer().print("memmove(");
+                context.emit(invocation.getArguments().get(1));
+                context.writer().print(", ");
+                context.emit(invocation.getArguments().get(0));
+                context.writer().print(", ");
+                context.emit(invocation.getArguments().get(2));
+                context.writer().print(")");
+                break;
+            case "isInitialized":
+                context.writer().print("(((JavaClass *) ");
+                context.emit(invocation.getArguments().get(0));
+                context.writer().print(")->").print(context.names().forMemberField(FLAGS_FIELD))
+                        .print(" & INT32_C(" + RuntimeClass.INITIALIZED + "))");
+                break;
+        }
+    }
+}

core/src/main/java/org/teavm/backend/c/intrinsic/ExceptionHandlingIntrinsic.java

@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+/*
+ *  Copyright 2018 Alexey Andreev.
+ *
+ *  Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ *  you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ *  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *       http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ *  Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ *  distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ *  WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ *  See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ *  limitations under the License.
+ */
+package org.teavm.backend.c.intrinsic;
+
+import org.teavm.ast.InvocationExpr;
+import org.teavm.model.MethodReference;
+import org.teavm.runtime.ExceptionHandling;
+
+public class ExceptionHandlingIntrinsic implements Intrinsic {
+    @Override
+    public boolean canHandle(MethodReference method) {
+        if (!method.getClassName().equals(ExceptionHandling.class.getName())) {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        switch (method.getName()) {
+            case "findCallSiteById":
+                return true;
+            default:
+                return false;
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void apply(IntrinsicContext context, InvocationExpr invocation) {
+        switch (invocation.getMethod().getName()) {
+            case "findCallSiteById":
+                context.writer().print("(callSites + ");
+                context.emit(invocation.getArguments().get(0));
+                context.writer().print(")");
+                break;
+        }
+    }
+}

core/src/main/java/org/teavm/backend/c/intrinsic/FunctionIntrinsic.java

@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+/*
+ *  Copyright 2018 Alexey Andreev.
+ *
+ *  Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ *  you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ *  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *       http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ *  Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ *  distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ *  WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ *  See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ *  limitations under the License.
+ */
+package org.teavm.backend.c.intrinsic;
+
+import org.teavm.ast.InvocationExpr;
+import org.teavm.backend.c.analyze.Characteristics;
+import org.teavm.model.MethodReference;
+
+public class FunctionIntrinsic implements Intrinsic {
+    private Characteristics characteristics;
+
+    public FunctionIntrinsic(Characteristics characteristics) {
+        this.characteristics = characteristics;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean canHandle(MethodReference method) {
+        return characteristics.isFunction(method.getClassName());
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void apply(IntrinsicContext context, InvocationExpr invocation) {
+        MethodReference method = invocation.getMethod();
+        context.writer().print("(((").printType(method.getReturnType()).print(" (*)(");
+        if (method.parameterCount() > 0) {
+            context.writer().printType(method.parameterType(0));
+            for (int i = 1; i < method.parameterCount(); ++i) {
+                context.writer().print(", ").printType(method.parameterType(i));
+            }
+        }
+        context.writer().print(")) ");
+
+        context.emit(invocation.getArguments().get(0));
+        context.writer().print(")(");
+        if (invocation.getArguments().size() > 1) {
+            context.emit(invocation.getArguments().get(1));
+            for (int i = 2; i < invocation.getArguments().size(); ++i) {
+                context.writer().print(", ");
+                context.emit(invocation.getArguments().get(i));
+            }
+        }
+        context.writer().print("))");
+    }
+}

core/src/main/java/org/teavm/backend/c/intrinsic/GCIntrinsic.java

@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+/*
+ *  Copyright 2018 Alexey Andreev.
+ *
+ *  Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ *  you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ *  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *       http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ *  Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ *  distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ *  WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ *  See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ *  limitations under the License.
+ */
+package org.teavm.backend.c.intrinsic;
+
+import org.teavm.ast.InvocationExpr;
+import org.teavm.model.MethodReference;
+import org.teavm.runtime.GC;
+
+public class GCIntrinsic implements Intrinsic {
+    @Override
+    public boolean canHandle(MethodReference method) {
+        if (!method.getClassName().equals(GC.class.getName())) {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        switch (method.getName()) {
+            case "gcStorageAddress":
+            case "gcStorageSize":
+            case "heapAddress":
+            case "regionsAddress":
+            case "regionMaxCount":
+            case "availableBytes":
+            case "regionSize":
+                return true;
+            default:
+                return false;
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void apply(IntrinsicContext context, InvocationExpr invocation) {
+        context.writer().print("gc_").print(invocation.getMethod().getName());
+    }
+}

core/src/main/java/org/teavm/backend/c/intrinsic/Intrinsic.java

@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+/*
+ *  Copyright 2018 Alexey Andreev.
+ *
+ *  Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ *  you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ *  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *       http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ *  Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ *  distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ *  WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ *  See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ *  limitations under the License.
+ */
+package org.teavm.backend.c.intrinsic;
+
+import org.teavm.ast.InvocationExpr;
+import org.teavm.model.MethodReference;
+
+public interface Intrinsic {
+    boolean canHandle(MethodReference method);
+
+    void apply(IntrinsicContext context, InvocationExpr invocation);
+}

core/src/main/java/org/teavm/backend/c/intrinsic/IntrinsicContext.java

@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+/*
+ *  Copyright 2018 Alexey Andreev.
+ *
+ *  Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ *  you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ *  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *       http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ *  Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ *  distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ *  WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ *  See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ *  limitations under the License.
+ */
+package org.teavm.backend.c.intrinsic;
+
+import org.teavm.ast.Expr;
+import org.teavm.backend.c.generate.CodeWriter;
+import org.teavm.backend.c.generate.NameProvider;
+import org.teavm.diagnostics.Diagnostics;
+import org.teavm.model.MethodReference;
+
+public interface IntrinsicContext {
+    CodeWriter writer();
+
+    NameProvider names();
+
+    void emit(Expr expr);
+
+    Diagnostics getDiagnotics();
+
+    MethodReference getCallingMethod();
+}

core/src/main/java/org/teavm/backend/c/intrinsic/MutatorIntrinsic.java

@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+/*
+ *  Copyright 2018 Alexey Andreev.
+ *
+ *  Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ *  you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ *  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *       http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ *  Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ *  distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ *  WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ *  See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ *  limitations under the License.
+ */
+package org.teavm.backend.c.intrinsic;
+
+import org.teavm.ast.InvocationExpr;
+import org.teavm.model.MethodReference;
+import org.teavm.runtime.Mutator;
+
+public class MutatorIntrinsic implements Intrinsic {
+    @Override
+    public boolean canHandle(MethodReference method) {
+        if (!method.getClassName().equals(Mutator.class.getName())) {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        switch (method.getName()) {
+            case "getStaticGCRoots":
+                return true;
+            default:
+                return false;
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void apply(IntrinsicContext context, InvocationExpr invocation) {
+        switch (invocation.getMethod().getName()) {
+            case "getStaticGCRoots":
+                context.writer().print("gc_staticRoots");
+                break;
+        }
+    }
+}

core/src/main/java/org/teavm/backend/c/intrinsic/PlatformClassIntrinsic.java

@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+/*
+ *  Copyright 2018 Alexey Andreev.
+ *
+ *  Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ *  you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ *  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *       http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ *  Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ *  distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ *  WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ *  See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ *  limitations under the License.
+ */
+package org.teavm.backend.c.intrinsic;
+
+import org.teavm.ast.InvocationExpr;
+import org.teavm.model.MethodReference;
+
+public class PlatformClassIntrinsic implements Intrinsic {
+    private static final String PLATFORM_CLASS = "org.teavm.platform.PlatformClass";
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean canHandle(MethodReference method) {
+        if (!method.getClassName().equals(PLATFORM_CLASS)) {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        switch (method.getName()) {
+            case "getJavaClass":
+            case "getMetadata":
+            case "setJavaClass":
+                return true;
+        }
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void apply(IntrinsicContext context, InvocationExpr invocation) {
+        switch (invocation.getMethod().getName()) {
+            case "getJavaClass":
+            case "getMetadata":
+                context.emit(invocation.getArguments().get(0));
+                break;
+            case "setJavaClass":
+                break;
+        }
+    }
+}

core/src/main/java/org/teavm/backend/c/intrinsic/PlatformClassMetadataIntrinsic.java

@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+/*
+ *  Copyright 2018 Alexey Andreev.
+ *
+ *  Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ *  you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ *  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *       http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ *  Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ *  distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ *  WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ *  See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ *  limitations under the License.
+ */
+package org.teavm.backend.c.intrinsic;
+
+import org.teavm.ast.InvocationExpr;
+import org.teavm.model.FieldReference;
+import org.teavm.model.MethodReference;
+import org.teavm.runtime.RuntimeClass;
+
+public class PlatformClassMetadataIntrinsic implements Intrinsic {
+    private static final String PLATFORM_CLASS_METADATA = "org.teavm.platform.PlatformClassMetadata";
+    private static final FieldReference ARRAY_TYPE_FIELD = new FieldReference(
+            RuntimeClass.class.getName(), "arrayType");
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean canHandle(MethodReference method) {
+        if (!method.getClassName().equals(PLATFORM_CLASS_METADATA)) {
+            return false;
+        }
+        return method.getName().equals("getArrayItem");
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void apply(IntrinsicContext context, InvocationExpr invocation) {
+        switch (invocation.getMethod().getName()) {
+            case "getArrayItem":
+                context.writer().print("FIELD(");
+                context.emit(invocation.getArguments().get(0));
+                context.writer().print(",");
+                context.writer().print(context.names().forClass(ARRAY_TYPE_FIELD.getClassName())).print(", ");
+                context.writer().print(context.names().forMemberField(ARRAY_TYPE_FIELD));
+                context.writer().print(")");
+                break;
+        }
+    }
+}

core/src/main/java/org/teavm/backend/c/intrinsic/PlatformIntrinsic.java

@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+/*
+ *  Copyright 2018 Alexey Andreev.
+ *
+ *  Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ *  you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ *  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *       http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ *  Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ *  distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ *  WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ *  See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ *  limitations under the License.
+ */
+package org.teavm.backend.c.intrinsic;
+
+import org.teavm.ast.InvocationExpr;
+import org.teavm.model.MethodReference;
+
+public class PlatformIntrinsic implements Intrinsic {
+    private static final String PLATFORM = "org.teavm.platform.Platform";
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean canHandle(MethodReference method) {
+        if (!method.getClassName().equals(PLATFORM)) {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        switch (method.getName()) {
+            case "getPlatformObject":
+            case "asJavaClass":
+                return true;
+        }
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void apply(IntrinsicContext context, InvocationExpr invocation) {
+        switch (invocation.getMethod().getName()) {
+            case "getPlatformObject":
+            case "asJavaClass":
+                context.emit(invocation.getArguments().get(0));
+                break;
+            case "getName":
+
+        }
+    }
+}

core/src/main/java/org/teavm/backend/c/intrinsic/PlatformObjectIntrinsic.java

@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+/*
+ *  Copyright 2018 Alexey Andreev.
+ *
+ *  Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ *  you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ *  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *       http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ *  Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ *  distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ *  WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ *  See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ *  limitations under the License.
+ */
+package org.teavm.backend.c.intrinsic;
+
+import org.teavm.ast.InvocationExpr;
+import org.teavm.model.MethodReference;
+
+public class PlatformObjectIntrinsic implements Intrinsic {
+    private static final String PLATFORM_OBJECT = "org.teavm.platform.PlatformObject";
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean canHandle(MethodReference method) {
+        if (!method.getClassName().equals(PLATFORM_OBJECT)) {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        return method.getName().equals("getPlatformClass");
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void apply(IntrinsicContext context, InvocationExpr invocation) {
+        switch (invocation.getMethod().getName()) {
+            case "getPlatformClass":
+                context.writer().print("CLASS_OF(");
+                context.emit(invocation.getArguments().get(0));
+                context.writer().print(")");
+                break;
+        }
+    }
+}

core/src/main/java/org/teavm/backend/c/intrinsic/ShadowStackIntrinsic.java

@@ -0,0 +1,106 @@
+/*
+ *  Copyright 2018 Alexey Andreev.
+ *
+ *  Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ *  you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ *  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *       http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ *  Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ *  distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ *  WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ *  See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ *  limitations under the License.
+ */
+package org.teavm.backend.c.intrinsic;
+
+import org.teavm.ast.InvocationExpr;
+import org.teavm.model.MethodReference;
+import org.teavm.runtime.ShadowStack;
+
+public class ShadowStackIntrinsic implements Intrinsic {
+    @Override
+    public boolean canHandle(MethodReference method) {
+        if (!method.getClassName().equals(ShadowStack.class.getName())) {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        switch (method.getName()) {
+            case "allocStack":
+            case "releaseStack":
+            case "registerGCRoot":
+            case "removeGCRoot":
+            case "registerCallSite":
+            case "getExceptionHandlerId":
+            case "setExceptionHandlerId":
+            case "getStackTop":
+            case "getNextStackFrame":
+            case "getStackRootCount":
+            case "getStackRootPointer":
+            case "getCallSiteId":
+                return true;
+            default:
+                return false;
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void apply(IntrinsicContext context, InvocationExpr invocation) {
+        switch (invocation.getMethod().getName()) {
+            case "allocStack":
+                context.writer().print("ALLOC_STACK");
+                break;
+            case "releaseStack":
+                context.writer().print("RELEASE_STACK");
+                return;
+            case "registerGCRoot":
+                context.writer().print("GC_ROOT");
+                break;
+            case "removeGCRoot":
+                context.writer().print("GC_ROOT_RELEASE");
+                break;
+            case "registerCallSite":
+                context.writer().print("CALL_SITE");
+                break;
+            case "getExceptionHandlerId":
+                context.writer().print("EXCEPTION_HANDLER");
+                return;
+            case "setExceptionHandlerId":
+                context.writer().print("SET_EXCEPTION_HANDLER");
+                break;
+            case "getStackTop":
+                context.writer().print("stackTop");
+                return;
+            case "getNextStackFrame":
+                context.writer().print("((void**) ");
+                context.emit(invocation.getArguments().get(0));
+                context.writer().print(")[0]");
+                return;
+            case "getStackRootCount":
+                context.writer().print("((int32_t) (intptr_t) ((void**) ");
+                context.emit(invocation.getArguments().get(0));
+                context.writer().print(")[2])");
+                return;
+            case "getStackRootPointer":
+                context.writer().print("&((void**) ");
+                context.emit(invocation.getArguments().get(0));
+                context.writer().print(")[3]");
+                return;
+            case "getCallSiteId":
+                context.writer().print("((int32_t) (intptr_t) ((void**) ");
+                context.emit(invocation.getArguments().get(0));
+                context.writer().print(")[1])");
+                return;
+        }
+
+        context.writer().print("(");
+        for (int i = 0; i < invocation.getArguments().size(); ++i) {
+            if (i > 0) {
+                context.writer().print(", ");
+            }
+            context.emit(invocation.getArguments().get(i));
+        }
+        context.writer().print(")");
+    }
+}

core/src/main/java/org/teavm/backend/c/intrinsic/StructureIntrinsic.java

@@ -0,0 +1,97 @@
+/*
+ *  Copyright 2018 Alexey Andreev.
+ *
+ *  Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ *  you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ *  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *       http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ *  Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ *  distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ *  WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ *  See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ *  limitations under the License.
+ */
+package org.teavm.backend.c.intrinsic;
+
+import org.teavm.ast.ConstantExpr;
+import org.teavm.ast.Expr;
+import org.teavm.ast.InvocationExpr;
+import org.teavm.backend.c.analyze.Characteristics;
+import org.teavm.interop.Structure;
+import org.teavm.model.CallLocation;
+import org.teavm.model.MethodReference;
+import org.teavm.model.ValueType;
+
+public class StructureIntrinsic implements Intrinsic {
+    private Characteristics characteristics;
+
+    public StructureIntrinsic(Characteristics characteristics) {
+        this.characteristics = characteristics;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean canHandle(MethodReference method) {
+        if (!characteristics.isStructure(method.getClassName())) {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        switch (method.getName()) {
+            case "cast":
+            case "toAddress":
+                return method.parameterCount() == 0;
+            case "sizeOf":
+                return method.parameterCount() == 1
+                        && method.parameterType(0).equals(ValueType.parse(Class.class));
+            case "add":
+                return method.parameterCount() == 3
+                        && method.parameterType(0).equals(ValueType.parse(Class.class))
+                        && method.parameterType(1).equals(ValueType.parse(Structure.class))
+                        && method.parameterType(2).equals(ValueType.INTEGER);
+            default:
+                return false;
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void apply(IntrinsicContext context, InvocationExpr invocation) {
+        switch (invocation.getMethod().getName()) {
+            case "cast":
+            case "toAddress":
+                context.emit(invocation.getArguments().get(0));
+                break;
+            case "sizeOf": {
+                String className = getClassLiteral(context, invocation, invocation.getArguments().get(0));
+                if (className != null) {
+                    context.writer().print("sizeof(").print(context.names().forClass(className)).print(")");
+                }
+                break;
+            }
+            case "add": {
+                String className = getClassLiteral(context, invocation, invocation.getArguments().get(0));
+                if (className != null) {
+                    context.writer().print("STRUCTURE_ADD(").print(context.names().forClass(className)).print(", ");
+                    context.emit(invocation.getArguments().get(1));
+                    context.writer().print(", ");
+                    context.emit(invocation.getArguments().get(2));
+                    context.writer().print(")");
+                }
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    static String getClassLiteral(IntrinsicContext context, InvocationExpr invocation, Expr expr) {
+        if (expr instanceof ConstantExpr) {
+            Object cst = ((ConstantExpr) expr).getValue();
+            if (cst instanceof ValueType.Object) {
+                return ((ValueType.Object) cst).getClassName();
+            }
+        }
+        context.getDiagnotics().error(
+                new CallLocation(context.getCallingMethod(), invocation.getLocation()),
+                "This method should take class literal");
+        return null;
+    }
+}

core/src/main/java/org/teavm/backend/javascript/JavaScriptTarget.java

@@ -50,6 +50,7 @@ import org.teavm.dependency.DependencyAnalyzer;
 import org.teavm.dependency.DependencyListener;
 import org.teavm.dependency.MethodDependency;
 import org.teavm.interop.PlatformMarker;
+import org.teavm.interop.PlatformMarkers;
 import org.teavm.model.BasicBlock;
 import org.teavm.model.CallLocation;
 import org.teavm.model.ClassHolder;
@@ -448,4 +449,9 @@ public class JavaScriptTarget implements TeaVMTarget, TeaVMJavaScriptHost {
         }
         return new SourceLocation(location.getFileName(), location.getLine());
     }
+
+    @Override
+    public String[] getPlatformTags() {
+        return new String[] { PlatformMarkers.JAVASCRIPT };
+    }
 }

core/src/main/java/org/teavm/backend/wasm/Example.java

@@ -192,6 +192,7 @@ public final class Example {
             throwsException();
         } catch (IllegalStateException e) {
             System.out.println("Caught 1: " + e.getMessage());
+            e.printStackTrace();
         }
 
         int x = 0;

core/src/main/java/org/teavm/backend/wasm/WasmTarget.java

@@ -27,13 +27,13 @@ import java.util.HashSet;
 import java.util.List;
 import java.util.Properties;
 import java.util.Set;
+import org.teavm.ast.Mangling;
 import org.teavm.ast.decompilation.Decompiler;
 import org.teavm.backend.wasm.binary.BinaryWriter;
 import org.teavm.backend.wasm.generate.WasmClassGenerator;
 import org.teavm.backend.wasm.generate.WasmDependencyListener;
 import org.teavm.backend.wasm.generate.WasmGenerationContext;
 import org.teavm.backend.wasm.generate.WasmGenerator;
-import org.teavm.backend.wasm.generate.WasmMangling;
 import org.teavm.backend.wasm.generate.WasmStringPool;
 import org.teavm.backend.wasm.intrinsics.AddressIntrinsic;
 import org.teavm.backend.wasm.intrinsics.AllocatorIntrinsic;
@@ -71,7 +71,6 @@ import org.teavm.backend.wasm.model.expression.WasmReturn;
 import org.teavm.backend.wasm.model.expression.WasmSetLocal;
 import org.teavm.backend.wasm.model.expression.WasmStoreInt32;
 import org.teavm.backend.wasm.optimization.UnusedFunctionElimination;
-import org.teavm.backend.wasm.patches.ClassPatch;
 import org.teavm.backend.wasm.render.WasmBinaryRenderer;
 import org.teavm.backend.wasm.render.WasmBinaryVersion;
 import org.teavm.backend.wasm.render.WasmBinaryWriter;
@@ -86,6 +85,7 @@ import org.teavm.dependency.DependencyListener;
 import org.teavm.interop.Address;
 import org.teavm.interop.DelegateTo;
 import org.teavm.interop.Import;
+import org.teavm.interop.PlatformMarkers;
 import org.teavm.interop.StaticInit;
 import org.teavm.model.AnnotationHolder;
 import org.teavm.model.BasicBlock;
@@ -114,11 +114,11 @@ import org.teavm.model.lowlevel.ClassInitializerEliminator;
 import org.teavm.model.lowlevel.ClassInitializerTransformer;
 import org.teavm.model.lowlevel.ShadowStackTransformer;
 import org.teavm.model.transformation.ClassInitializerInsertionTransformer;
+import org.teavm.model.transformation.ClassPatch;
 import org.teavm.runtime.Allocator;
 import org.teavm.runtime.ExceptionHandling;
 import org.teavm.runtime.RuntimeArray;
 import org.teavm.runtime.RuntimeClass;
-import org.teavm.runtime.RuntimeJavaObject;
 import org.teavm.runtime.RuntimeObject;
 import org.teavm.vm.BuildTarget;
 import org.teavm.vm.TeaVMEntryPoint;
@@ -137,6 +137,7 @@ public class WasmTarget implements TeaVMTarget, TeaVMWasmHost {
     private ShadowStackTransformer shadowStackTransformer;
     private WasmBinaryVersion version = WasmBinaryVersion.V_0x1;
     private List<WasmIntrinsicFactory> additionalIntrinsics = new ArrayList<>();
+    private int minHeapSize;
 
     @Override
     public void setController(TeaVMTargetController controller) {
@@ -209,6 +210,10 @@ public class WasmTarget implements TeaVMTarget, TeaVMWasmHost {
         this.version = version;
     }
 
+    public void setMinHeapSize(int minHeapSize) {
+        this.minHeapSize = minHeapSize;
+    }
+
     @Override
     public void contributeDependencies(DependencyAnalyzer dependencyAnalyzer) {
         for (Class<?> type : Arrays.asList(int.class, long.class, float.class, double.class)) {
@@ -260,10 +265,8 @@ public class WasmTarget implements TeaVMTarget, TeaVMWasmHost {
 
         ClassDependency runtimeClassDep = dependencyAnalyzer.linkClass(RuntimeClass.class.getName(), null);
         ClassDependency runtimeObjectDep = dependencyAnalyzer.linkClass(RuntimeObject.class.getName(), null);
-        ClassDependency runtimeJavaObjectDep = dependencyAnalyzer.linkClass(RuntimeJavaObject.class.getName(), null);
         ClassDependency runtimeArrayDep = dependencyAnalyzer.linkClass(RuntimeArray.class.getName(), null);
-        for (ClassDependency classDep : Arrays.asList(runtimeClassDep, runtimeObjectDep, runtimeJavaObjectDep,
-                runtimeArrayDep)) {
+        for (ClassDependency classDep : Arrays.asList(runtimeClassDep, runtimeObjectDep, runtimeArrayDep)) {
             for (FieldReader field : classDep.getClassReader().getFields()) {
                 dependencyAnalyzer.linkField(field.getReference(), null);
             }
@@ -288,7 +291,7 @@ public class WasmTarget implements TeaVMTarget, TeaVMWasmHost {
         TagRegistry tagRegistry = new TagRegistry(classes);
         BinaryWriter binaryWriter = new BinaryWriter(256);
         WasmClassGenerator classGenerator = new WasmClassGenerator(
-                classes, vtableProvider, tagRegistry, binaryWriter);
+                controller.getUnprocessedClassSource(), vtableProvider, tagRegistry, binaryWriter);
 
         Decompiler decompiler = new Decompiler(classes, controller.getClassLoader(), new HashSet<>(),
                 new HashSet<>(), false);
@@ -323,7 +326,9 @@ public class WasmTarget implements TeaVMTarget, TeaVMWasmHost {
 
         WasmGenerator generator = new WasmGenerator(decompiler, classes, context, classGenerator, binaryWriter);
 
-        module.setMemorySize(128);
+        int pageSize = 1 << 16;
+        int pages = (minHeapSize + pageSize - 1) / pageSize;
+        module.setMemorySize(pages);
         generateMethods(classes, context, generator, module);
         exceptionHandlingIntrinsic.postProcess(shadowStackTransformer.getCallSites());
         generateIsSupertypeFunctions(tagRegistry, module, classGenerator);
@@ -350,13 +355,13 @@ public class WasmTarget implements TeaVMTarget, TeaVMWasmHost {
             if (clinit == null) {
                 continue;
             }
-            initFunction.getBody().add(new WasmCall(WasmMangling.mangleInitializer(className)));
+            initFunction.getBody().add(new WasmCall(Mangling.mangleInitializer(className)));
         }
         module.add(initFunction);
         module.setStartFunction(initFunction);
 
         for (TeaVMEntryPoint entryPoint : controller.getEntryPoints().values()) {
-            String mangledName = WasmMangling.mangleMethod(entryPoint.getReference());
+            String mangledName = Mangling.mangleMethod(entryPoint.getReference());
             WasmFunction function = module.getFunctions().get(mangledName);
             if (function != null) {
                 function.setExportName(entryPoint.getPublicName());
@@ -511,7 +516,7 @@ public class WasmTarget implements TeaVMTarget, TeaVMWasmHost {
     private void generateIsSupertypeFunctions(TagRegistry tagRegistry, WasmModule module,
             WasmClassGenerator classGenerator) {
         for (ValueType type : classGenerator.getRegisteredClasses()) {
-            WasmFunction function = new WasmFunction(WasmMangling.mangleIsSupertype(type));
+            WasmFunction function = new WasmFunction(Mangling.mangleIsSupertype(type));
             function.getParameters().add(WasmType.INT32);
             function.setResult(WasmType.INT32);
             module.add(function);
@@ -603,7 +608,7 @@ public class WasmTarget implements TeaVMTarget, TeaVMWasmHost {
         itemTest.setType(WasmType.INT32);
         itemTest.getThenBlock().getBody().add(new WasmInt32Constant(0));
 
-        WasmCall delegateToItem = new WasmCall(WasmMangling.mangleIsSupertype(itemType));
+        WasmCall delegateToItem = new WasmCall(Mangling.mangleIsSupertype(itemType));
         delegateToItem.getArguments().add(new WasmGetLocal(subtypeVar));
         itemTest.getElseBlock().getBody().add(delegateToItem);
 
@@ -611,9 +616,9 @@ public class WasmTarget implements TeaVMTarget, TeaVMWasmHost {
     }
 
     private void generateStub(WasmModule module, MethodHolder method, MethodHolder implementor) {
-        WasmFunction function = module.getFunctions().get(WasmMangling.mangleMethod(method.getReference()));
+        WasmFunction function = module.getFunctions().get(Mangling.mangleMethod(method.getReference()));
 
-        WasmCall call = new WasmCall(WasmMangling.mangleMethod(implementor.getReference()));
+        WasmCall call = new WasmCall(Mangling.mangleMethod(implementor.getReference()));
         for (WasmType param : function.getParameters()) {
             WasmLocal local = new WasmLocal(param);
             function.add(local);
@@ -647,7 +652,7 @@ public class WasmTarget implements TeaVMTarget, TeaVMWasmHost {
                 continue;
             }
 
-            WasmFunction initFunction = new WasmFunction(WasmMangling.mangleInitializer(className));
+            WasmFunction initFunction = new WasmFunction(Mangling.mangleInitializer(className));
             module.add(initFunction);
 
             WasmBlock block = new WasmBlock(false);
@@ -667,7 +672,7 @@ public class WasmTarget implements TeaVMTarget, TeaVMWasmHost {
                     WasmInt32Subtype.INT32));
 
             if (method != null) {
-                block.getBody().add(new WasmCall(WasmMangling.mangleMethod(method.getReference())));
+                block.getBody().add(new WasmCall(Mangling.mangleMethod(method.getReference())));
             }
 
             if (controller.wasCancelled()) {
@@ -732,4 +737,9 @@ public class WasmTarget implements TeaVMTarget, TeaVMWasmHost {
 
         return new VirtualTableProvider(classes, virtualMethods);
     }
+
+    @Override
+    public String[] getPlatformTags() {
+        return new String[] { PlatformMarkers.WEBASSEMBLY, PlatformMarkers.LOW_LEVEL };
+    }
 }

core/src/main/java/org/teavm/backend/wasm/generate/WasmClassGenerator.java

@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@ import java.util.LinkedHashMap;
 import java.util.List;
 import java.util.Map;
 import java.util.stream.Collectors;
+import org.teavm.ast.Mangling;
 import org.teavm.backend.wasm.binary.BinaryWriter;
 import org.teavm.backend.wasm.binary.DataArray;
 import org.teavm.backend.wasm.binary.DataPrimitives;
@@ -168,7 +169,7 @@ public class WasmClassGenerator {
             binaryData.data.setAddress(CLASS_ITEM_TYPE, itemBinaryData.start);
             binaryData.data.setInt(CLASS_IS_INSTANCE, functionTable.size());
             binaryData.data.setInt(CLASS_CANARY, RuntimeClass.computeCanary(4, 0));
-            functionTable.add(WasmMangling.mangleIsSupertype(type));
+            functionTable.add(Mangling.mangleIsSupertype(type));
             binaryData.start = binaryWriter.append(vtableSize > 0 ? wrapper : binaryData.data);
 
             itemBinaryData.data.setAddress(CLASS_ARRAY_TYPE, binaryData.start);
@@ -180,7 +181,7 @@ public class WasmClassGenerator {
         value.setInt(CLASS_SIZE, size);
         value.setInt(CLASS_FLAGS, RuntimeClass.PRIMITIVE);
         value.setInt(CLASS_IS_INSTANCE, functionTable.size());
-        functionTable.add(WasmMangling.mangleIsSupertype(type));
+        functionTable.add(Mangling.mangleIsSupertype(type));
         return value;
     }
 
@@ -217,7 +218,7 @@ public class WasmClassGenerator {
         header.setInt(CLASS_CANARY, RuntimeClass.computeCanary(occupiedSize, tag));
         header.setAddress(CLASS_NAME, stringPool.getStringPointer(name));
         header.setInt(CLASS_IS_INSTANCE, functionTable.size());
-        functionTable.add(WasmMangling.mangleIsSupertype(ValueType.object(name)));
+        functionTable.add(Mangling.mangleIsSupertype(ValueType.object(name)));
         header.setAddress(CLASS_PARENT, parentPtr);
 
         if (vtable != null) {
@@ -322,7 +323,7 @@ public class WasmClassGenerator {
             } else {
                 methodIndex = functions.computeIfAbsent(vtableEntry.getImplementor(), implementor -> {
                     int result = functionTable.size();
-                    functionTable.add(WasmMangling.mangleMethod(implementor));
+                    functionTable.add(Mangling.mangleMethod(implementor));
                     return result;
                 });
             }

core/src/main/java/org/teavm/backend/wasm/generate/WasmGenerationVisitor.java

@@ -42,6 +42,7 @@ import org.teavm.ast.InitClassStatement;
 import org.teavm.ast.InstanceOfExpr;
 import org.teavm.ast.InvocationExpr;
 import org.teavm.ast.InvocationType;
+import org.teavm.ast.Mangling;
 import org.teavm.ast.MonitorEnterStatement;
 import org.teavm.ast.MonitorExitStatement;
 import org.teavm.ast.NewArrayExpr;
@@ -184,7 +185,7 @@ class WasmGenerationVisitor implements StatementVisitor, ExprVisitor {
                     default:
                         Class<?> type = convertType(expr.getType());
                         MethodReference method = new MethodReference(WasmRuntime.class, "remainder", type, type, type);
-                        WasmCall call = new WasmCall(WasmMangling.mangleMethod(method), false);
+                        WasmCall call = new WasmCall(Mangling.mangleMethod(method), false);
 
                         accept(expr.getFirstOperand());
                         call.getArguments().add(result);
@@ -238,7 +239,7 @@ class WasmGenerationVisitor implements StatementVisitor, ExprVisitor {
             case COMPARE: {
                 Class<?> type = convertType(expr.getType());
                 MethodReference method = new MethodReference(WasmRuntime.class, "compare", type, type, int.class);
-                WasmCall call = new WasmCall(WasmMangling.mangleMethod(method), false);
+                WasmCall call = new WasmCall(Mangling.mangleMethod(method), false);
 
                 accept(expr.getFirstOperand());
                 call.getArguments().add(result);
@@ -911,7 +912,7 @@ class WasmGenerationVisitor implements StatementVisitor, ExprVisitor {
         }
 
         if (expr.getType() == InvocationType.STATIC || expr.getType() == InvocationType.SPECIAL) {
-            String methodName = WasmMangling.mangleMethod(expr.getMethod());
+            String methodName = Mangling.mangleMethod(expr.getMethod());
 
             WasmCall call = new WasmCall(methodName);
             if (context.getImportedMethod(expr.getMethod()) != null) {
@@ -930,7 +931,7 @@ class WasmGenerationVisitor implements StatementVisitor, ExprVisitor {
             block.getBody().add(new WasmSetLocal(tmp, allocateObject(expr.getMethod().getClassName(),
                     expr.getLocation())));
 
-            String methodName = WasmMangling.mangleMethod(expr.getMethod());
+            String methodName = Mangling.mangleMethod(expr.getMethod());
             WasmCall call = new WasmCall(methodName);
             call.getArguments().add(new WasmGetLocal(tmp));
             for (Expr argument : expr.getArguments()) {
@@ -1200,7 +1201,7 @@ class WasmGenerationVisitor implements StatementVisitor, ExprVisitor {
 
     private WasmExpression allocateObject(String className, TextLocation location) {
         int tag = classGenerator.getClassPointer(ValueType.object(className));
-        String allocName = WasmMangling.mangleMethod(new MethodReference(Allocator.class, "allocate",
+        String allocName = Mangling.mangleMethod(new MethodReference(Allocator.class, "allocate",
                 RuntimeClass.class, Address.class));
         WasmCall call = new WasmCall(allocName);
         call.getArguments().add(new WasmInt32Constant(tag));
@@ -1213,7 +1214,7 @@ class WasmGenerationVisitor implements StatementVisitor, ExprVisitor {
         ValueType type = expr.getType();
 
         int classPointer = classGenerator.getClassPointer(ValueType.arrayOf(type));
-        String allocName = WasmMangling.mangleMethod(new MethodReference(Allocator.class, "allocateArray",
+        String allocName = Mangling.mangleMethod(new MethodReference(Allocator.class, "allocateArray",
                 RuntimeClass.class, int.class, Address.class));
         WasmCall call = new WasmCall(allocName);
         call.getArguments().add(new WasmInt32Constant(classPointer));
@@ -1243,7 +1244,7 @@ class WasmGenerationVisitor implements StatementVisitor, ExprVisitor {
         }
 
         int classPointer = classGenerator.getClassPointer(ValueType.arrayOf(type));
-        String allocName = WasmMangling.mangleMethod(new MethodReference(Allocator.class, "allocateMultiArray",
+        String allocName = Mangling.mangleMethod(new MethodReference(Allocator.class, "allocateMultiArray",
                 RuntimeClass.class, Address.class, int.class, RuntimeArray.class));
         WasmCall call = new WasmCall(allocName);
         call.getArguments().add(new WasmInt32Constant(classPointer));
@@ -1344,7 +1345,7 @@ class WasmGenerationVisitor implements StatementVisitor, ExprVisitor {
     @Override
     public void visit(InitClassStatement statement) {
         if (classGenerator.hasClinit(statement.getClassName())) {
-            result = new WasmCall(WasmMangling.mangleInitializer(statement.getClassName()));
+            result = new WasmCall(Mangling.mangleInitializer(statement.getClassName()));
             result.setLocation(statement.getLocation());
         } else {
             result = null;

core/src/main/java/org/teavm/backend/wasm/generate/WasmGenerator.java

@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@
  */
 package org.teavm.backend.wasm.generate;
 
+import org.teavm.ast.Mangling;
 import org.teavm.ast.RegularMethodNode;
 import org.teavm.ast.VariableNode;
 import org.teavm.ast.decompilation.Decompiler;
@@ -51,7 +52,7 @@ public class WasmGenerator {
     public WasmFunction generateDefinition(MethodReference methodReference) {
         ClassHolder cls = classSource.get(methodReference.getClassName());
         MethodHolder method = cls.getMethod(methodReference.getDescriptor());
-        WasmFunction function = new WasmFunction(WasmMangling.mangleMethod(method.getReference()));
+        WasmFunction function = new WasmFunction(Mangling.mangleMethod(method.getReference()));
 
         if (!method.hasModifier(ElementModifier.STATIC)) {
             function.getParameters().add(WasmType.INT32);
@@ -71,7 +72,7 @@ public class WasmGenerator {
         MethodHolder method = cls.getMethod(methodReference.getDescriptor());
 
         RegularMethodNode methodAst = decompiler.decompileRegular(bodyMethod);
-        WasmFunction function = context.getFunction(WasmMangling.mangleMethod(methodReference));
+        WasmFunction function = context.getFunction(Mangling.mangleMethod(methodReference));
         int firstVariable = method.hasModifier(ElementModifier.STATIC) ? 1 : 0;
         for (int i = firstVariable; i < methodAst.getVariables().size(); ++i) {
             VariableNode variable = methodAst.getVariables().get(i);
@@ -98,7 +99,7 @@ public class WasmGenerator {
     }
 
     public WasmFunction generateNative(MethodReference methodReference) {
-        WasmFunction function = context.getFunction(WasmMangling.mangleMethod(methodReference));
+        WasmFunction function = context.getFunction(Mangling.mangleMethod(methodReference));
 
         WasmGenerationContext.ImportedMethod importedMethod = context.getImportedMethod(methodReference);
         if (importedMethod != null) {

core/src/main/java/org/teavm/backend/wasm/intrinsics/AddressIntrinsic.java

@@ -18,9 +18,9 @@ package org.teavm.backend.wasm.intrinsics;
 import java.util.stream.Collectors;
 import org.teavm.ast.ConstantExpr;
 import org.teavm.ast.InvocationExpr;
+import org.teavm.ast.Mangling;
 import org.teavm.backend.wasm.WasmRuntime;
 import org.teavm.backend.wasm.generate.WasmClassGenerator;
-import org.teavm.backend.wasm.generate.WasmMangling;
 import org.teavm.backend.wasm.model.WasmType;
 import org.teavm.backend.wasm.model.expression.WasmCall;
 import org.teavm.backend.wasm.model.expression.WasmConversion;
@@ -154,7 +154,7 @@ public class AddressIntrinsic implements WasmIntrinsic {
             case "align": {
                 MethodReference delegate = new MethodReference(WasmRuntime.class.getName(),
                         invocation.getMethod().getDescriptor());
-                WasmCall call = new WasmCall(WasmMangling.mangleMethod(delegate));
+                WasmCall call = new WasmCall(Mangling.mangleMethod(delegate));
                 call.getArguments().addAll(invocation.getArguments().stream()
                         .map(arg -> manager.generate(arg))
                         .collect(Collectors.toList()));

core/src/main/java/org/teavm/backend/wasm/intrinsics/AllocatorIntrinsic.java

@@ -17,9 +17,9 @@ package org.teavm.backend.wasm.intrinsics;
 
 import java.util.stream.Collectors;
 import org.teavm.ast.InvocationExpr;
+import org.teavm.ast.Mangling;
 import org.teavm.backend.wasm.WasmRuntime;
 import org.teavm.backend.wasm.generate.WasmClassGenerator;
-import org.teavm.backend.wasm.generate.WasmMangling;
 import org.teavm.backend.wasm.model.expression.WasmCall;
 import org.teavm.backend.wasm.model.expression.WasmExpression;
 import org.teavm.backend.wasm.model.expression.WasmInt32Constant;
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ public class AllocatorIntrinsic implements WasmIntrinsic {
             case "moveMemoryBlock": {
                 MethodReference delegateMethod = new MethodReference(WasmRuntime.class.getName(),
                         invocation.getMethod().getDescriptor());
-                WasmCall call = new WasmCall(WasmMangling.mangleMethod(delegateMethod));
+                WasmCall call = new WasmCall(Mangling.mangleMethod(delegateMethod));
                 call.getArguments().addAll(invocation.getArguments().stream()
                         .map(manager::generate)
                         .collect(Collectors.toList()));
@@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ public class AllocatorIntrinsic implements WasmIntrinsic {
                 WasmExpression flags = new WasmLoadInt32(4, pointer, WasmInt32Subtype.INT32);
                 WasmExpression flag = new WasmIntBinary(WasmIntType.INT32, WasmIntBinaryOperation.AND, flags,
                         new WasmInt32Constant(RuntimeClass.INITIALIZED));
-                return new WasmIntBinary(WasmIntType.INT32, WasmIntBinaryOperation.EQ, flag, new WasmInt32Constant(0));
+                return new WasmIntBinary(WasmIntType.INT32, WasmIntBinaryOperation.NE, flag, new WasmInt32Constant(0));
             }
             default:
                 throw new IllegalArgumentException(invocation.getMethod().toString());

core/src/main/java/org/teavm/cache/AstIO.java

@@ -74,14 +74,12 @@ import org.teavm.model.MethodDescriptor;
 import org.teavm.model.MethodReference;
 import org.teavm.model.TextLocation;
 import org.teavm.model.ValueType;
-import org.teavm.model.instructions.ArrayElementType;
 import org.teavm.model.util.VariableType;
 
 public class AstIO {
     private static final ElementModifier[] nodeModifiers = ElementModifier.values();
     private static final BinaryOperation[] binaryOperations = BinaryOperation.values();
     private static final UnaryOperation[] unaryOperations = UnaryOperation.values();
-    private static final ArrayElementType[] arrayElementTypes = ArrayElementType.values();
     private final SymbolTable symbolTable;
     private final SymbolTable fileTable;
     private final Map<String, IdentifiedStatement> statementMap = new HashMap<>();
@@ -876,7 +874,7 @@ public class AstIO {
                 return expr;
             }
             case 12: {
-                UnwrapArrayExpr expr = new UnwrapArrayExpr(arrayElementTypes[input.readByte()]);
+                UnwrapArrayExpr expr = new UnwrapArrayExpr(ArrayType.values()[input.readByte()]);
                 expr.setArray(readExpr(input));
                 return expr;
             }

core/src/main/java/org/teavm/model/lowlevel/ClassInitializerTransformer.java

@@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ public class ClassInitializerTransformer {
         checkInitialized.setReceiver(initializedVariable);
         block.add(checkInitialized);
 
-        BranchingInstruction branching = new BranchingInstruction(BranchingCondition.EQUAL);
+        BranchingInstruction branching = new BranchingInstruction(BranchingCondition.NOT_EQUAL);
         branching.setOperand(initializedVariable);
         branching.setConsequent(continueBlock);
         branching.setAlternative(initBlock);

core/src/main/java/org/teavm/model/lowlevel/ManagedMethodRepository.java

@@ -36,14 +36,15 @@ public class ManagedMethodRepository {
     }
 
     private boolean computeIsManaged(MethodReference methodReference) {
-        ClassReader cls = classSource.get(methodReference.getClassName());
-        if (cls == null) {
+        MethodReader method = classSource.resolve(methodReference);
+        if (method == null) {
             return true;
         }
+
+        ClassReader cls = classSource.get(method.getOwnerName());
         if (cls.getAnnotations().get(Unmanaged.class.getName()) != null) {
             return false;
         }
-        MethodReader method = cls.getMethod(methodReference.getDescriptor());
         return method == null || method.getAnnotations().get(Unmanaged.class.getName()) == null;
     }
 }

core/src/main/java/org/teavm/model/transformation/ClassPatch.java

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- *  Copyright 2016 Alexey Andreev.
+ *  Copyright 2018 Alexey Andreev.
  *
  *  Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  *  you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@
  *  See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
  *  limitations under the License.
  */
-package org.teavm.backend.wasm.patches;
+package org.teavm.model.transformation;
 
 import org.teavm.diagnostics.Diagnostics;
 import org.teavm.model.BasicBlock;

core/src/main/java/org/teavm/runtime/Allocator.java

@@ -33,10 +33,10 @@ public final class Allocator {
     }
 
     public static Address allocateArray(RuntimeClass tag, int size) {
-        int itemSize = (tag.itemType.flags & RuntimeClass.PRIMITIVE) != 0 ? tag.itemType.size : 4;
+        int itemSize = (tag.itemType.flags & RuntimeClass.PRIMITIVE) != 0 ? tag.itemType.size : Address.sizeOf();
         int sizeInBytes = Address.align(Address.fromInt(Structure.sizeOf(RuntimeArray.class)), itemSize).toInt();
         sizeInBytes += itemSize * size;
-        sizeInBytes = Address.align(Address.fromInt(sizeInBytes), 4).toInt();
+        sizeInBytes = Address.align(Address.fromInt(sizeInBytes), Address.sizeOf()).toInt();
         Address result = GC.alloc(sizeInBytes).toAddress();
         fillZero(result, sizeInBytes);
 
@@ -47,6 +47,7 @@ public final class Allocator {
         return result;
     }
 
+    @Unmanaged
     public static RuntimeArray allocateMultiArray(RuntimeClass tag, Address dimensions, int dimensionCount) {
         int size = dimensions.getInt();
         RuntimeArray array = allocateArray(tag, dimensions.getInt()).toStructure();

core/src/main/java/org/teavm/runtime/CallSiteLocation.java

@@ -15,8 +15,12 @@
  */
 package org.teavm.runtime;
 
+import org.teavm.interop.StaticInit;
 import org.teavm.interop.Structure;
+import org.teavm.interop.Unmanaged;
 
+@Unmanaged
+@StaticInit
 public class CallSiteLocation extends Structure {
     public String fileName;
     public String className;

core/src/main/java/org/teavm/runtime/ExceptionHandling.java

@@ -65,6 +65,11 @@ public final class ExceptionHandling {
         }
     }
 
+    @Unmanaged
+    public static void throwClassCastException() {
+        throw new ClassCastException();
+    }
+
     @Unmanaged
     public static int callStackSize() {
         Address stackFrame = ShadowStack.getStackTop();
@@ -77,8 +82,8 @@ public final class ExceptionHandling {
     }
 
     @Unmanaged
-    public static void fillStackTrace(StackTraceElement[] target, int skip) {
-        Address stackFrame = ShadowStack.getNextStackFrame(ShadowStack.getNextStackFrame(ShadowStack.getStackTop()));
+    public static void fillStackTrace(StackTraceElement[] target) {
+        Address stackFrame = ShadowStack.getNextStackFrame(ShadowStack.getStackTop());
         int index = 0;
         while (stackFrame != null && index < target.length) {
             int callSiteId = ShadowStack.getCallSiteId(stackFrame);
@@ -87,12 +92,7 @@ public final class ExceptionHandling {
             StackTraceElement element = createElement(location != null ? location.className : "",
                     location != null ? location.methodName : "", location != null ? location.fileName : null,
                     location != null ? location.lineNumber : -1);
-            if (skip > 0) {
-                skip--;
-            } else {
             target[index++] = element;
-            }
-
             stackFrame = ShadowStack.getNextStackFrame(stackFrame);
         }
     }

core/src/main/java/org/teavm/runtime/GC.java

@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ public final class GC {
 
     public static RuntimeObject alloc(int size) {
         FreeChunk current = currentChunk;
-        Address next = currentChunk.toAddress().add(size);
+        Address next = current.toAddress().add(size);
         if (!next.add(Structure.sizeOf(FreeChunk.class)).isLessThan(currentChunkLimit)) {
             getAvailableChunk(size);
             current = currentChunk;
@@ -125,7 +125,7 @@ public final class GC {
 
         Address staticRoots = Mutator.getStaticGCRoots();
         int staticCount = staticRoots.getInt();
-        staticRoots = staticRoots.add(8);
+        staticRoots = staticRoots.add(Address.sizeOf());
         while (staticCount-- > 0) {
             RuntimeObject object = staticRoots.getAddress().getAddress().toStructure();
             if (object != null) {
@@ -187,13 +187,13 @@ public final class GC {
             } else {
                 if ((cls.itemType.flags & RuntimeClass.PRIMITIVE) == 0) {
                     RuntimeArray array = (RuntimeArray) object;
-                    Address base = Address.align(array.toAddress().add(RuntimeArray.class, 1), 4);
+                    Address base = Address.align(array.toAddress().add(RuntimeArray.class, 1), Address.sizeOf());
                     for (int i = 0; i < array.size; ++i) {
                         RuntimeObject reference = base.getAddress().toStructure();
                         if (reference != null && !isMarked(reference)) {
                             MarkQueue.enqueue(reference);
                         }
-                        base = base.add(4);
+                        base = base.add(Address.sizeOf());
                     }
                 }
             }
@@ -248,6 +248,7 @@ public final class GC {
                 }
             } else {
                 if (lastFreeSpace != null) {
+                    lastFreeSpace.classReference = 0;
                     lastFreeSpace.size = (int) (object.toAddress().toLong() - lastFreeSpace.toAddress().toLong());
                     freeChunkPtr.value = lastFreeSpace;
                     freeChunkPtr = Structure.add(FreeChunkHolder.class, freeChunkPtr, 1);
@@ -266,6 +267,7 @@ public final class GC {
 
         if (lastFreeSpace != null) {
             int freeSize = (int) (object.toAddress().toLong() - lastFreeSpace.toAddress().toLong());
+            lastFreeSpace.classReference = 0;
             lastFreeSpace.size = freeSize;
             freeChunkPtr.value = lastFreeSpace;
             freeChunkPtr = Structure.add(FreeChunkHolder.class, freeChunkPtr, 1);
@@ -348,7 +350,7 @@ public final class GC {
                 Address address = Address.fromInt(Structure.sizeOf(RuntimeArray.class));
                 address = Address.align(address, itemSize);
                 address = address.add(itemSize * array.size);
-                address = Address.align(address, 4);
+                address = Address.align(address, Address.sizeOf());
                 return address.toInt();
             }
         }

core/src/main/java/org/teavm/runtime/RuntimeArray.java

@@ -15,6 +15,6 @@
  */
 package org.teavm.runtime;
 
-public class RuntimeArray extends RuntimeJavaObject {
+public class RuntimeArray extends RuntimeObject {
     public int size;
 }

core/src/main/java/org/teavm/runtime/RuntimeClass.java

@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ package org.teavm.runtime;
 import org.teavm.interop.Address;
 import org.teavm.interop.Unmanaged;
 
-public class RuntimeClass extends RuntimeJavaObject {
+public class RuntimeClass extends RuntimeObject {
     public static final int INITIALIZED = 1;
     public static final int PRIMITIVE = 2;
     public static final int ENUM = 4;
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ public class RuntimeClass extends RuntimeJavaObject {
     public int flags;
     public int tag;
     public int canary;
-    public RuntimeJavaObject name;
+    public RuntimeObject name;
     public RuntimeClass itemType;
     public RuntimeClass arrayType;
     public IsSupertypeFunction isSupertypeOf;

core/src/main/java/org/teavm/runtime/RuntimeObject.java

@@ -15,11 +15,15 @@
  */
 package org.teavm.runtime;
 
+import org.teavm.interop.StaticInit;
 import org.teavm.interop.Structure;
 
+@StaticInit
 public class RuntimeObject extends Structure {
     public static final int GC_MARKED = 0x80000000;
-    public static final int MONITOR_EXISTS = 0x20000000;
+
+    public static int nextId;
 
     public int classReference;
+    public int hashCode;
 }

core/src/main/java/org/teavm/vm/TeaVM.java

@@ -236,6 +236,11 @@ public class TeaVM implements TeaVMHost, ServiceRepository {
         return diagnostics;
     }
 
+    @Override
+    public String[] getPlatformTags() {
+        return target.getPlatformTags();
+    }
+
     /**
      * <p>Adds an entry point. TeaVM guarantees, that all methods that are required by the entry point
      * will be available at run-time in browser. Also you need to specify for each parameter of entry point

core/src/main/java/org/teavm/vm/TeaVMTarget.java

@@ -42,4 +42,6 @@ public interface TeaVMTarget {
     void afterOptimizations(Program program, MethodReader method, ListableClassReaderSource classSource);
 
     void emit(ListableClassHolderSource classes, BuildTarget buildTarget, String outputName) throws IOException;
+
+    String[] getPlatformTags();
 }

core/src/main/java/org/teavm/vm/spi/TeaVMHost.java

@@ -58,4 +58,6 @@ public interface TeaVMHost {
      * visible to VM.
      */
     Properties getProperties();
+
+    String[] getPlatformTags();
 }

core/src/main/resources/org/teavm/backend/c/runtime-epilogue.c

@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+static inline int32_t instanceof(void* obj, int32_t (*cls)(JavaClass*)) {
+    return obj != NULL && cls(CLASS_OF(obj));
+}
+
+static inline void* checkcast(void* obj, int32_t (*cls)(JavaClass*)) {
+    return obj == NULL || cls(CLASS_OF(obj)) ? obj : throwClassCastException();
+}

core/src/main/resources/org/teavm/backend/c/runtime.c

@@ -0,0 +1,119 @@
+#include <string.h>
+#include <stdint.h>
+#include <stddef.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <uchar.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+#include <time.h>
+#include <math.h>
+#include <sys/mman.h>
+
+struct JavaObject;
+struct JavaArray;
+struct JavaClass;
+struct JavaString;
+typedef struct JavaObject JavaObject;
+typedef struct JavaArray JavaArray;
+typedef struct JavaClass JavaClass;
+typedef struct JavaString JavaString;
+
+#define PACK_CLASS(cls) ((int32_t) (((uintptr_t) (cls)) >> 3))
+#define UNPACK_CLASS(cls) ((JavaClass *) (uintptr_t) (uint32_t) (uintptr_t) (((int64_t*) NULL) + cls))
+#define CLASS_OF(obj) (UNPACK_CLASS(((JavaObject*) (obj))->header))
+#define AS(ptr, type) ((type*) (ptr))
+
+#define VTABLE(obj, type) (AS(CLASS_OF(obj), type))
+#define METHOD(obj, type, method) (VTABLE(obj, type)->method)
+#define FIELD(ptr, type, name) (AS(ptr, type)->name)
+
+#define TO_BYTE(i) ((((i) << 24) >> 24))
+#define TO_SHORT(i) ((((i) << 16) >> 16))
+#define TO_CHAR(i) ((char16_t) (i))
+
+static inline int32_t compare_i32(int32_t a, int32_t b) {
+    return a > b ? INT32_C(1) : a < b ? INT32_C(-1) : INT32_C(0);
+}
+static inline int32_t compare_i64(int64_t a, int64_t b) {
+    return a > b ? INT32_C(1) : a < b ? INT32_C(-1) : INT32_C(0);
+}
+static inline int32_t compare_float(float a, float b) {
+    return a > b ? INT32_C(1) : a < b ? INT32_C(-1) : INT32_C(0);
+}
+static inline int32_t compare_double(double a, double b) {
+    return a > b ? INT32_C(1) : a < b ? INT32_C(-1) : INT32_C(0);
+}
+
+#define ALIGN(addr, alignment) ((void*) (((uintptr_t) (addr) + ((alignment) - 1)) / (alignment) * (alignment)))
+#define ARRAY_LENGTH(array) (((JavaArray*) (array))->size)
+#define ARRAY_DATA(array, type) ((type*) ALIGN((((JavaArray*) (array)) + 1), sizeof(type)))
+#define ARRAY_AT(array, type, index) (((type*) ARRAY_DATA(array, type))[index])
+
+static void* throwClassCastException();
+static inline int32_t instanceof(void*, int32_t (*)(JavaClass*));
+static inline void* checkcast(void*, int32_t (*)(JavaClass*));
+
+#define ALLOC_STACK(size) \
+  void* __shadowStack__[(size) + 3]; \
+  __shadowStack__[0] = stackTop; \
+  __shadowStack__[2] = (void*) size; \
+  stackTop = __shadowStack__
+
+#define RELEASE_STACK stackTop = __shadowStack__[0]
+#define GC_ROOT(index, ptr) __shadowStack__[3 + (index)] = ptr
+#define GC_ROOT_RELEASE(index) __shadowStack__[3 + (index)] = NULL
+#define CALL_SITE(id) (__shadowStack__[1] = (void*) (id))
+#define EXCEPTION_HANDLER ((int32_t) (intptr_t) (__shadowStack__[1]))
+#define SET_EXCEPTION_HANDLER(frame, id) (((void**) (frame))[1] = (void*) (intptr_t) (id))
+
+#define ADDRESS_ADD(address, offset) ((char *) (address) + (offset))
+#define STRUCTURE_ADD(structure, address, offset) (((structure*) (address)) + offset)
+
+static void** stackTop;
+
+static void* gc_gcStorageAddress = NULL;
+static int32_t gc_gcStorageSize = INT32_C(0);
+static void* gc_heapAddress = NULL;
+static void* gc_regionsAddress = NULL;
+static int32_t gc_regionSize = INT32_C(32768);
+static int32_t gc_regionMaxCount = INT32_C(0);
+static int64_t gc_availableBytes = INT64_C(0);
+
+static void initHeap(long heapSize) {
+    long workSize = heapSize / 16;
+    long regionsSize = (long) (heapSize / gc_regionSize);
+
+    long pageSize = sysconf(_SC_PAGE_SIZE);
+    int heapPages = (int) ((heapSize + pageSize + 1) / pageSize * pageSize);
+    int workPages = (int) ((workSize + pageSize + 1) / pageSize * pageSize);
+    int regionsPages = (int) ((regionsSize * 2 + pageSize + 1) / pageSize * pageSize);
+
+    gc_heapAddress = mmap(
+            NULL,
+            heapPages,
+            PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE,
+            MAP_PRIVATE | MAP_ANONYMOUS,
+            0, 0);
+    gc_gcStorageAddress = mmap(
+            NULL,
+            workPages,
+            PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE,
+            MAP_PRIVATE | MAP_ANONYMOUS,
+            0, 0);
+    gc_regionsAddress = mmap(
+            NULL,
+            regionsPages,
+            PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE,
+            MAP_PRIVATE | MAP_ANONYMOUS,
+            0, 0);
+
+    gc_gcStorageSize = (int) workSize;
+    gc_regionMaxCount = regionsSize;
+    gc_availableBytes = heapSize;
+}
+
+static int64_t currentTimeMillis() {
+    struct timespec time;
+    clock_gettime(CLOCK_REALTIME, &time);
+
+    return time.tv_sec * 1000 + round(time.tv_nsec / 1000000);
+}

interop/core/src/main/java/org/teavm/interop/PlatformMarker.java

@@ -23,4 +23,5 @@ import java.lang.annotation.Target;
 @Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)
 @Target({ ElementType.FIELD, ElementType.METHOD })
 public @interface PlatformMarker {
+    String value() default "";
 }

interop/core/src/main/java/org/teavm/interop/PlatformMarkers.java

@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+/*
+ *  Copyright 2018 Alexey Andreev.
+ *
+ *  Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ *  you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ *  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *       http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ *  Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ *  distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ *  WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ *  See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ *  limitations under the License.
+ */
+package org.teavm.interop;
+
+public final class PlatformMarkers {
+    private PlatformMarkers() {
+    }
+
+    public static final String JAVASCRIPT = "javascript";
+    public static final String WEBASSEMBLY = "webassembly";
+    public static final String C = "c";
+    public static final String LOW_LEVEL = "low_level";
+}

platform/src/main/java/org/teavm/platform/Platform.java

@@ -37,6 +37,7 @@ public final class Platform {
     private static boolean newInstancePrepared;
 
     @InjectedBy(PlatformGenerator.class)
+    @Unmanaged
     public static native PlatformObject getPlatformObject(Object obj);
 
     @GeneratedBy(PlatformGenerator.class)
@@ -80,6 +81,7 @@ public final class Platform {
 
     @InjectedBy(PlatformGenerator.class)
     @PluggableDependency(PlatformGenerator.class)
+    @Unmanaged
     public static native Class<?> asJavaClass(PlatformObject obj);
 
     public static PlatformConsole getConsole() {
@@ -213,6 +215,7 @@ public final class Platform {
     }
 
     @DelegateTo("getArrayItemLowLevel")
+    @Unmanaged
     public static PlatformClass getArrayItem(PlatformClass cls) {
         return cls.getMetadata().getArrayItem();
     }

platform/src/main/java/org/teavm/platform/PlatformClass.java

@@ -15,16 +15,20 @@
  */
 package org.teavm.platform;
 
+import org.teavm.interop.Unmanaged;
 import org.teavm.jso.JSObject;
 import org.teavm.jso.JSProperty;
 
 public interface PlatformClass extends JSObject {
     @JSProperty("$meta")
+    @Unmanaged
     PlatformClassMetadata getMetadata();
 
     @JSProperty("classObject")
+    @Unmanaged
     void setJavaClass(PlatformObject obj);
 
     @JSProperty("classObject")
+    @Unmanaged
     PlatformObject getJavaClass();
 }

platform/src/main/java/org/teavm/platform/PlatformObject.java

@@ -15,16 +15,20 @@
  */
 package org.teavm.platform;
 
+import org.teavm.interop.Unmanaged;
 import org.teavm.jso.JSObject;
 import org.teavm.jso.JSProperty;
 
 public interface PlatformObject extends JSObject {
     @JSProperty("constructor")
+    @Unmanaged
     PlatformClass getPlatformClass();
 
     @JSProperty("$id$")
+    @Unmanaged
     int getId();
 
     @JSProperty("$id$")
+    @Unmanaged
     void setId(int id);
 }

tools/cli/src/main/java/org/teavm/cli/TeaVMRunner.java

@@ -74,7 +74,7 @@ public final class TeaVMRunner {
         options.addOption(OptionBuilder
                 .withArgName("target")
                 .hasArg()
-                .withDescription("target type (javascript/js, webassembly/wasm)")
+                .withDescription("target type (javascript/js, webassembly/wasm, C)")
                 .create('t'));
         options.addOption(OptionBuilder
                 .withArgName("directory")
@@ -141,7 +141,13 @@ public final class TeaVMRunner {
                 .withLongOpt("wasm-version")
                 .withArgName("version")
                 .hasArg()
-                .withDescription("WebAssembly binary version (11, 12, 13)")
+                .withDescription("WebAssembly binary version (currently, only 1 is supported)")
+                .create());
+        options.addOption(OptionBuilder
+                .withLongOpt("min-heap")
+                .withArgName("size")
+                .hasArg()
+                .withDescription("Minimum heap size in bytes (for C and WebAssembly)")
                 .create());
     }
 
@@ -179,6 +185,7 @@ public final class TeaVMRunner {
         parseIncrementalOptions();
         parseJavaScriptOptions();
         parseWasmOptions();
+        parseHeap();
 
         interactive = commandLine.hasOption('w');
 
@@ -202,6 +209,9 @@ public final class TeaVMRunner {
                 case "wasm":
                     tool.setTargetType(TeaVMTargetType.WEBASSEMBLY);
                     break;
+                case "c":
+                    tool.setTargetType(TeaVMTargetType.C);
+                    break;
             }
         }
     }
@@ -318,6 +328,20 @@ public final class TeaVMRunner {
         }
     }
 
+    private void parseHeap() {
+        if (commandLine.hasOption("min-heap")) {
+            int size;
+            try {
+                size = Integer.parseInt(commandLine.getOptionValue("min-heap"));
+            } catch (NumberFormatException e) {
+                System.err.print("Wrong heap size");
+                printUsage();
+                return;
+            }
+            tool.setMinHeapSize(size);
+        }
+    }
+
     private void setUp() {
         tool.setLog(log);
         tool.getProperties().putAll(System.getProperties());

tools/core/src/main/java/org/teavm/tooling/TeaVMTargetType.java

@@ -17,5 +17,6 @@ package org.teavm.tooling;
 
 public enum TeaVMTargetType {
     JAVASCRIPT,
-    WEBASSEMBLY
+    WEBASSEMBLY,
+    C
 }

tools/core/src/main/java/org/teavm/tooling/TeaVMTool.java

@@ -33,6 +33,7 @@ import java.util.List;
 import java.util.Properties;
 import java.util.Set;
 import org.apache.commons.io.IOUtils;
+import org.teavm.backend.c.CTarget;
 import org.teavm.backend.javascript.JavaScriptTarget;
 import org.teavm.backend.javascript.rendering.RenderingManager;
 import org.teavm.backend.wasm.WasmTarget;
@@ -97,7 +98,9 @@ public class TeaVMTool implements BaseTeaVMTool {
     private JavaScriptTarget javaScriptTarget;
     private WasmTarget webAssemblyTarget;
     private WasmBinaryVersion wasmVersion = WasmBinaryVersion.V_0x1;
+    private CTarget cTarget;
     private Set<File> generatedFiles = new HashSet<>();
+    private int minHeapSize = 32 * (1 << 20);
 
     public File getTargetDirectory() {
         return targetDirectory;
@@ -224,6 +227,10 @@ public class TeaVMTool implements BaseTeaVMTool {
         this.optimizationLevel = optimizationLevel;
     }
 
+    public void setMinHeapSize(int minHeapSize) {
+        this.minHeapSize = minHeapSize;
+    }
+
     public ClassLoader getClassLoader() {
         return classLoader;
     }
@@ -308,6 +315,8 @@ public class TeaVMTool implements BaseTeaVMTool {
                 return prepareJavaScriptTarget();
             case WEBASSEMBLY:
                 return prepareWebAssemblyTarget();
+            case C:
+                return prepareCTarget();
         }
         throw new IllegalStateException("Unknown target type: " + targetType);
     }
@@ -333,9 +342,16 @@ public class TeaVMTool implements BaseTeaVMTool {
         webAssemblyTarget.setCEmitted(debugInformationGenerated);
         webAssemblyTarget.setWastEmitted(debugInformationGenerated);
         webAssemblyTarget.setVersion(wasmVersion);
+        webAssemblyTarget.setMinHeapSize(minHeapSize);
         return webAssemblyTarget;
     }
 
+    private CTarget prepareCTarget() {
+        cTarget = new CTarget();
+        cTarget.setMinHeapSize(minHeapSize);
+        return cTarget;
+    }
+
     public void generate() throws TeaVMToolException {
         try {
             cancelled = false;
@@ -449,6 +465,8 @@ public class TeaVMTool implements BaseTeaVMTool {
                     return "classes.js";
                 case WEBASSEMBLY:
                     return "classes.wasm";
+                case C:
+                    return "classes.c";
                 default:
                     return "classes";
             }