/*
 * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
 * contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file distributed with
 * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
 * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
 * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
 * the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
 *
 *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
 *
 * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
 * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
 * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
 * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 * limitations under the License.
 */
package org.apache.commons.lang3;

import java.util.Collection;
import java.util.Iterator;
import java.util.Map;
import java.util.Objects;
import java.util.regex.Pattern;

import net.lax1dude.eaglercraft.v1_8.HString;
import net.lax1dude.eaglercraft.v1_8.JDKBackports;

/**
 * <p>
 * This class assists in validating arguments. The validation methods are based
 * along the following principles:
 * <ul>
 * <li>An invalid {@code null} argument causes a
 * {@link NullPointerException}.</li>
 * <li>A non-{@code null} argument causes an
 * {@link IllegalArgumentException}.</li>
 * <li>An invalid index into an array/collection/map/string causes an
 * {@link IndexOutOfBoundsException}.</li>
 * </ul>
 *
 * <p>
 * All exceptions messages are <a href=
 * "http://docs.oracle.com/javase/1.5.0/docs/api/java/util/Formatter.html#syntax">format
 * strings</a> as defined by the Java platform. For example:
 * </p>
 *
 * <pre>
 * Validate.isTrue(i &gt; 0, "The value must be greater than zero: %d", i);
 * Validate.notNull(surname, "The surname must not be %s", null);
 * </pre>
 *
 * <p>
 * #ThreadSafe#
 * </p>
 * 
 * @see java.lang.String#format(String, Object...)
 * @since 2.0
 */
public class Validate {

	private static final String DEFAULT_NOT_NAN_EX_MESSAGE = "The validated value is not a number";
	private static final String DEFAULT_FINITE_EX_MESSAGE = "The value is invalid: %f";
	private static final String DEFAULT_EXCLUSIVE_BETWEEN_EX_MESSAGE = "The value %s is not in the specified exclusive range of %s to %s";
	private static final String DEFAULT_INCLUSIVE_BETWEEN_EX_MESSAGE = "The value %s is not in the specified inclusive range of %s to %s";
	private static final String DEFAULT_MATCHES_PATTERN_EX = "The string %s does not match the pattern %s";
	private static final String DEFAULT_IS_NULL_EX_MESSAGE = "The validated object is null";
	private static final String DEFAULT_IS_TRUE_EX_MESSAGE = "The validated expression is false";
	private static final String DEFAULT_NO_NULL_ELEMENTS_ARRAY_EX_MESSAGE = "The validated array contains null element at index: %d";
	private static final String DEFAULT_NO_NULL_ELEMENTS_COLLECTION_EX_MESSAGE = "The validated collection contains null element at index: %d";
	private static final String DEFAULT_NOT_BLANK_EX_MESSAGE = "The validated character sequence is blank";
	private static final String DEFAULT_NOT_EMPTY_ARRAY_EX_MESSAGE = "The validated array is empty";
	private static final String DEFAULT_NOT_EMPTY_CHAR_SEQUENCE_EX_MESSAGE = "The validated character sequence is empty";
	private static final String DEFAULT_NOT_EMPTY_COLLECTION_EX_MESSAGE = "The validated collection is empty";
	private static final String DEFAULT_NOT_EMPTY_MAP_EX_MESSAGE = "The validated map is empty";
	private static final String DEFAULT_VALID_INDEX_ARRAY_EX_MESSAGE = "The validated array index is invalid: %d";
	private static final String DEFAULT_VALID_INDEX_CHAR_SEQUENCE_EX_MESSAGE = "The validated character sequence index is invalid: %d";
	private static final String DEFAULT_VALID_INDEX_COLLECTION_EX_MESSAGE = "The validated collection index is invalid: %d";
	private static final String DEFAULT_VALID_STATE_EX_MESSAGE = "The validated state is false";
	private static final String DEFAULT_IS_ASSIGNABLE_EX_MESSAGE = "Cannot assign a %s to a %s";
	private static final String DEFAULT_IS_INSTANCE_OF_EX_MESSAGE = "Expected type: %s, actual: %s";

	/**
	 * Constructor. This class should not normally be instantiated.
	 */
	public Validate() {
	}

	// isTrue
	// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------

	/**
	 * <p>
	 * Validate that the argument condition is {@code true}; otherwise throwing an
	 * exception with the specified message. This method is useful when validating
	 * according to an arbitrary boolean expression, such as validating a primitive
	 * number or using your own custom validation expression.
	 * </p>
	 *
	 * <pre>
	 * Validate.isTrue(i &gt; 0.0, "The value must be greater than zero: &#37;d", i);
	 * </pre>
	 *
	 * <p>
	 * For performance reasons, the long value is passed as a separate parameter and
	 * appended to the exception message only in the case of an error.
	 * </p>
	 *
	 * @param expression the boolean expression to check
	 * @param message    the {@link String#format(String, Object...)} exception
	 *                   message if invalid, not null
	 * @param value      the value to append to the message when invalid
	 * @throws IllegalArgumentException if expression is {@code false}
	 * @see #isTrue(boolean)
	 * @see #isTrue(boolean, String, double)
	 * @see #isTrue(boolean, String, Object...)
	 */
	public static void isTrue(final boolean expression, final String message, final long value) {
		if (!expression) {
			throw new IllegalArgumentException(HString.format(message, Long.valueOf(value)));
		}
	}

	/**
	 * <p>
	 * Validate that the argument condition is {@code true}; otherwise throwing an
	 * exception with the specified message. This method is useful when validating
	 * according to an arbitrary boolean expression, such as validating a primitive
	 * number or using your own custom validation expression.
	 * </p>
	 *
	 * <pre>
	 * Validate.isTrue(d &gt; 0.0, "The value must be greater than zero: &#37;s", d);
	 * </pre>
	 *
	 * <p>
	 * For performance reasons, the double value is passed as a separate parameter
	 * and appended to the exception message only in the case of an error.
	 * </p>
	 *
	 * @param expression the boolean expression to check
	 * @param message    the {@link String#format(String, Object...)} exception
	 *                   message if invalid, not null
	 * @param value      the value to append to the message when invalid
	 * @throws IllegalArgumentException if expression is {@code false}
	 * @see #isTrue(boolean)
	 * @see #isTrue(boolean, String, long)
	 * @see #isTrue(boolean, String, Object...)
	 */
	public static void isTrue(final boolean expression, final String message, final double value) {
		if (!expression) {
			throw new IllegalArgumentException(HString.format(message, Double.valueOf(value)));
		}
	}

	/**
	 * <p>
	 * Validate that the argument condition is {@code true}; otherwise throwing an
	 * exception with the specified message. This method is useful when validating
	 * according to an arbitrary boolean expression, such as validating a primitive
	 * number or using your own custom validation expression.
	 * </p>
	 *
	 * <pre>
	 * Validate.isTrue(i &gt;= min &amp;&amp; i &lt;= max, "The value must be between &#37;d and &#37;d", min, max);
	 * Validate.isTrue(myObject.isOk(), "The object is not okay");
	 * </pre>
	 *
	 * @param expression the boolean expression to check
	 * @param message    the {@link String#format(String, Object...)} exception
	 *                   message if invalid, not null
	 * @param values     the optional values for the formatted exception message,
	 *                   null array not recommended
	 * @throws IllegalArgumentException if expression is {@code false}
	 * @see #isTrue(boolean)
	 * @see #isTrue(boolean, String, long)
	 * @see #isTrue(boolean, String, double)
	 */
	public static void isTrue(final boolean expression, final String message, final Object... values) {
		if (!expression) {
			throw new IllegalArgumentException(HString.format(message, values));
		}
	}

	/**
	 * <p>
	 * Validate that the argument condition is {@code true}; otherwise throwing an
	 * exception. This method is useful when validating according to an arbitrary
	 * boolean expression, such as validating a primitive number or using your own
	 * custom validation expression.
	 * </p>
	 *
	 * <pre>
	 * Validate.isTrue(i &gt; 0);
	 * Validate.isTrue(myObject.isOk());
	 * </pre>
	 *
	 * <p>
	 * The message of the exception is &quot;The validated expression is
	 * false&quot;.
	 * </p>
	 *
	 * @param expression the boolean expression to check
	 * @throws IllegalArgumentException if expression is {@code false}
	 * @see #isTrue(boolean, String, long)
	 * @see #isTrue(boolean, String, double)
	 * @see #isTrue(boolean, String, Object...)
	 */
	public static void isTrue(final boolean expression) {
		if (!expression) {
			throw new IllegalArgumentException(DEFAULT_IS_TRUE_EX_MESSAGE);
		}
	}

	// notNull
	// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------

	/**
	 * <p>
	 * Validate that the specified argument is not {@code null}; otherwise throwing
	 * an exception.
	 *
	 * <pre>
	 * Validate.notNull(myObject, "The object must not be null");
	 * </pre>
	 *
	 * <p>
	 * The message of the exception is &quot;The validated object is null&quot;.
	 * </p>
	 *
	 * @param <T>    the object type
	 * @param object the object to check
	 * @return the validated object (never {@code null} for method chaining)
	 * @throws NullPointerException if the object is {@code null}
	 * @see #notNull(Object, String, Object...)
	 */
	public static <T> T notNull(final T object) {
		return notNull(object, DEFAULT_IS_NULL_EX_MESSAGE);
	}

	/**
	 * <p>
	 * Validate that the specified argument is not {@code null}; otherwise throwing
	 * an exception with the specified message.
	 *
	 * <pre>
	 * Validate.notNull(myObject, "The object must not be null");
	 * </pre>
	 *
	 * @param <T>     the object type
	 * @param object  the object to check
	 * @param message the {@link String#format(String, Object...)} exception message
	 *                if invalid, not null
	 * @param values  the optional values for the formatted exception message
	 * @return the validated object (never {@code null} for method chaining)
	 * @throws NullPointerException if the object is {@code null}
	 * @see #notNull(Object)
	 */
	public static <T> T notNull(final T object, final String message, final Object... values) {
		return JDKBackports.javaUtilObject_requireNonNull(object, () -> HString.format(message, values));
	}

	// notEmpty array
	// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------

	/**
	 * <p>
	 * Validate that the specified argument array is neither {@code null} nor a
	 * length of zero (no elements); otherwise throwing an exception with the
	 * specified message.
	 *
	 * <pre>
	 * Validate.notEmpty(myArray, "The array must not be empty");
	 * </pre>
	 *
	 * @param <T>     the array type
	 * @param array   the array to check, validated not null by this method
	 * @param message the {@link String#format(String, Object...)} exception message
	 *                if invalid, not null
	 * @param values  the optional values for the formatted exception message, null
	 *                array not recommended
	 * @return the validated array (never {@code null} method for chaining)
	 * @throws NullPointerException     if the array is {@code null}
	 * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the array is empty
	 * @see #notEmpty(Object[])
	 */
	public static <T> T[] notEmpty(final T[] array, final String message, final Object... values) {
		JDKBackports.javaUtilObject_requireNonNull(array, () -> HString.format(message, values));
		if (array.length == 0) {
			throw new IllegalArgumentException(HString.format(message, values));
		}
		return array;
	}

	/**
	 * <p>
	 * Validate that the specified argument array is neither {@code null} nor a
	 * length of zero (no elements); otherwise throwing an exception.
	 *
	 * <pre>
	 * Validate.notEmpty(myArray);
	 * </pre>
	 *
	 * <p>
	 * The message in the exception is &quot;The validated array is empty&quot;.
	 *
	 * @param <T>   the array type
	 * @param array the array to check, validated not null by this method
	 * @return the validated array (never {@code null} method for chaining)
	 * @throws NullPointerException     if the array is {@code null}
	 * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the array is empty
	 * @see #notEmpty(Object[], String, Object...)
	 */
	public static <T> T[] notEmpty(final T[] array) {
		return notEmpty(array, DEFAULT_NOT_EMPTY_ARRAY_EX_MESSAGE);
	}

	// notEmpty collection
	// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------

	/**
	 * <p>
	 * Validate that the specified argument collection is neither {@code null} nor a
	 * size of zero (no elements); otherwise throwing an exception with the
	 * specified message.
	 *
	 * <pre>
	 * Validate.notEmpty(myCollection, "The collection must not be empty");
	 * </pre>
	 *
	 * @param <T>        the collection type
	 * @param collection the collection to check, validated not null by this method
	 * @param message    the {@link String#format(String, Object...)} exception
	 *                   message if invalid, not null
	 * @param values     the optional values for the formatted exception message,
	 *                   null array not recommended
	 * @return the validated collection (never {@code null} method for chaining)
	 * @throws NullPointerException     if the collection is {@code null}
	 * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the collection is empty
	 * @see #notEmpty(Object[])
	 */
	public static <T extends Collection<?>> T notEmpty(final T collection, final String message,
			final Object... values) {
		JDKBackports.javaUtilObject_requireNonNull(collection, () -> HString.format(message, values));
		if (collection.isEmpty()) {
			throw new IllegalArgumentException(HString.format(message, values));
		}
		return collection;
	}

	/**
	 * <p>
	 * Validate that the specified argument collection is neither {@code null} nor a
	 * size of zero (no elements); otherwise throwing an exception.
	 *
	 * <pre>
	 * Validate.notEmpty(myCollection);
	 * </pre>
	 *
	 * <p>
	 * The message in the exception is &quot;The validated collection is
	 * empty&quot;.
	 * </p>
	 *
	 * @param <T>        the collection type
	 * @param collection the collection to check, validated not null by this method
	 * @return the validated collection (never {@code null} method for chaining)
	 * @throws NullPointerException     if the collection is {@code null}
	 * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the collection is empty
	 * @see #notEmpty(Collection, String, Object...)
	 */
	public static <T extends Collection<?>> T notEmpty(final T collection) {
		return notEmpty(collection, DEFAULT_NOT_EMPTY_COLLECTION_EX_MESSAGE);
	}

	// notEmpty map
	// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------

	/**
	 * <p>
	 * Validate that the specified argument map is neither {@code null} nor a size
	 * of zero (no elements); otherwise throwing an exception with the specified
	 * message.
	 *
	 * <pre>
	 * Validate.notEmpty(myMap, "The map must not be empty");
	 * </pre>
	 *
	 * @param <T>     the map type
	 * @param map     the map to check, validated not null by this method
	 * @param message the {@link String#format(String, Object...)} exception message
	 *                if invalid, not null
	 * @param values  the optional values for the formatted exception message, null
	 *                array not recommended
	 * @return the validated map (never {@code null} method for chaining)
	 * @throws NullPointerException     if the map is {@code null}
	 * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the map is empty
	 * @see #notEmpty(Object[])
	 */
	public static <T extends Map<?, ?>> T notEmpty(final T map, final String message, final Object... values) {
		JDKBackports.javaUtilObject_requireNonNull(map, () -> HString.format(message, values));
		if (map.isEmpty()) {
			throw new IllegalArgumentException(HString.format(message, values));
		}
		return map;
	}

	/**
	 * <p>
	 * Validate that the specified argument map is neither {@code null} nor a size
	 * of zero (no elements); otherwise throwing an exception.
	 *
	 * <pre>
	 * Validate.notEmpty(myMap);
	 * </pre>
	 *
	 * <p>
	 * The message in the exception is &quot;The validated map is empty&quot;.
	 * </p>
	 *
	 * @param <T> the map type
	 * @param map the map to check, validated not null by this method
	 * @return the validated map (never {@code null} method for chaining)
	 * @throws NullPointerException     if the map is {@code null}
	 * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the map is empty
	 * @see #notEmpty(Map, String, Object...)
	 */
	public static <T extends Map<?, ?>> T notEmpty(final T map) {
		return notEmpty(map, DEFAULT_NOT_EMPTY_MAP_EX_MESSAGE);
	}

	// notEmpty string
	// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------

	/**
	 * <p>
	 * Validate that the specified argument character sequence is neither
	 * {@code null} nor a length of zero (no characters); otherwise throwing an
	 * exception with the specified message.
	 *
	 * <pre>
	 * Validate.notEmpty(myString, "The string must not be empty");
	 * </pre>
	 *
	 * @param <T>     the character sequence type
	 * @param chars   the character sequence to check, validated not null by this
	 *                method
	 * @param message the {@link String#format(String, Object...)} exception message
	 *                if invalid, not null
	 * @param values  the optional values for the formatted exception message, null
	 *                array not recommended
	 * @return the validated character sequence (never {@code null} method for
	 *         chaining)
	 * @throws NullPointerException     if the character sequence is {@code null}
	 * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the character sequence is empty
	 * @see #notEmpty(CharSequence)
	 */
	public static <T extends CharSequence> T notEmpty(final T chars, final String message, final Object... values) {
		JDKBackports.javaUtilObject_requireNonNull(chars, () -> HString.format(message, values));
		if (chars.length() == 0) {
			throw new IllegalArgumentException(HString.format(message, values));
		}
		return chars;
	}

	/**
	 * <p>
	 * Validate that the specified argument character sequence is neither
	 * {@code null} nor a length of zero (no characters); otherwise throwing an
	 * exception with the specified message.
	 *
	 * <pre>
	 * Validate.notEmpty(myString);
	 * </pre>
	 *
	 * <p>
	 * The message in the exception is &quot;The validated character sequence is
	 * empty&quot;.
	 * </p>
	 *
	 * @param <T>   the character sequence type
	 * @param chars the character sequence to check, validated not null by this
	 *              method
	 * @return the validated character sequence (never {@code null} method for
	 *         chaining)
	 * @throws NullPointerException     if the character sequence is {@code null}
	 * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the character sequence is empty
	 * @see #notEmpty(CharSequence, String, Object...)
	 */
	public static <T extends CharSequence> T notEmpty(final T chars) {
		return notEmpty(chars, DEFAULT_NOT_EMPTY_CHAR_SEQUENCE_EX_MESSAGE);
	}

	// notBlank string
	// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------

	/**
	 * <p>
	 * Validate that the specified argument character sequence is neither
	 * {@code null}, a length of zero (no characters), empty nor whitespace;
	 * otherwise throwing an exception with the specified message.
	 *
	 * <pre>
	 * Validate.notBlank(myString, "The string must not be blank");
	 * </pre>
	 *
	 * @param <T>     the character sequence type
	 * @param chars   the character sequence to check, validated not null by this
	 *                method
	 * @param message the {@link String#format(String, Object...)} exception message
	 *                if invalid, not null
	 * @param values  the optional values for the formatted exception message, null
	 *                array not recommended
	 * @return the validated character sequence (never {@code null} method for
	 *         chaining)
	 * @throws NullPointerException     if the character sequence is {@code null}
	 * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the character sequence is blank
	 * @see #notBlank(CharSequence)
	 *
	 * @since 3.0
	 */
	public static <T extends CharSequence> T notBlank(final T chars, final String message, final Object... values) {
		JDKBackports.javaUtilObject_requireNonNull(chars, () -> HString.format(message, values));
		if (StringUtils.isBlank(chars)) {
			throw new IllegalArgumentException(HString.format(message, values));
		}
		return chars;
	}

	/**
	 * <p>
	 * Validate that the specified argument character sequence is neither
	 * {@code null}, a length of zero (no characters), empty nor whitespace;
	 * otherwise throwing an exception.
	 *
	 * <pre>
	 * Validate.notBlank(myString);
	 * </pre>
	 *
	 * <p>
	 * The message in the exception is &quot;The validated character sequence is
	 * blank&quot;.
	 * </p>
	 *
	 * @param <T>   the character sequence type
	 * @param chars the character sequence to check, validated not null by this
	 *              method
	 * @return the validated character sequence (never {@code null} method for
	 *         chaining)
	 * @throws NullPointerException     if the character sequence is {@code null}
	 * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the character sequence is blank
	 * @see #notBlank(CharSequence, String, Object...)
	 *
	 * @since 3.0
	 */
	public static <T extends CharSequence> T notBlank(final T chars) {
		return notBlank(chars, DEFAULT_NOT_BLANK_EX_MESSAGE);
	}

	// noNullElements array
	// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------

	/**
	 * <p>
	 * Validate that the specified argument array is neither {@code null} nor
	 * contains any elements that are {@code null}; otherwise throwing an exception
	 * with the specified message.
	 *
	 * <pre>
	 * Validate.noNullElements(myArray, "The array contain null at position %d");
	 * </pre>
	 *
	 * <p>
	 * If the array is {@code null}, then the message in the exception is &quot;The
	 * validated object is null&quot;.
	 * </p>
	 *
	 * <p>
	 * If the array has a {@code null} element, then the iteration index of the
	 * invalid element is appended to the {@code values} argument.
	 * </p>
	 *
	 * @param <T>     the array type
	 * @param array   the array to check, validated not null by this method
	 * @param message the {@link String#format(String, Object...)} exception message
	 *                if invalid, not null
	 * @param values  the optional values for the formatted exception message, null
	 *                array not recommended
	 * @return the validated array (never {@code null} method for chaining)
	 * @throws NullPointerException     if the array is {@code null}
	 * @throws IllegalArgumentException if an element is {@code null}
	 * @see #noNullElements(Object[])
	 */
	public static <T> T[] noNullElements(final T[] array, final String message, final Object... values) {
		notNull(array);
		for (int i = 0; i < array.length; i++) {
			if (array[i] == null) {
				final Object[] values2 = new Object[values.length + 1];
				System.arraycopy(values, 0, values2, 0, values.length);
				values2[values.length - 1] = i;
				throw new IllegalArgumentException(HString.format(message, values2));
			}
		}
		return array;
	}

	/**
	 * <p>
	 * Validate that the specified argument array is neither {@code null} nor
	 * contains any elements that are {@code null}; otherwise throwing an exception.
	 * </p>
	 *
	 * <pre>
	 * Validate.noNullElements(myArray);
	 * </pre>
	 *
	 * <p>
	 * If the array is {@code null}, then the message in the exception is &quot;The
	 * validated object is null&quot;.
	 * </p>
	 *
	 * <p>
	 * If the array has a {@code null} element, then the message in the exception is
	 * &quot;The validated array contains null element at index: &quot; followed by
	 * the index.
	 * </p>
	 *
	 * @param <T>   the array type
	 * @param array the array to check, validated not null by this method
	 * @return the validated array (never {@code null} method for chaining)
	 * @throws NullPointerException     if the array is {@code null}
	 * @throws IllegalArgumentException if an element is {@code null}
	 * @see #noNullElements(Object[], String, Object...)
	 */
	public static <T> T[] noNullElements(final T[] array) {
		return noNullElements(array, DEFAULT_NO_NULL_ELEMENTS_ARRAY_EX_MESSAGE);
	}

	// noNullElements iterable
	// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------

	/**
	 * <p>
	 * Validate that the specified argument iterable is neither {@code null} nor
	 * contains any elements that are {@code null}; otherwise throwing an exception
	 * with the specified message.
	 *
	 * <pre>
	 * Validate.noNullElements(myCollection, "The collection contains null at position %d");
	 * </pre>
	 *
	 * <p>
	 * If the iterable is {@code null}, then the message in the exception is
	 * &quot;The validated object is null&quot;.
	 * </p>
	 *
	 * <p>
	 * If the iterable has a {@code null} element, then the iteration index of the
	 * invalid element is appended to the {@code values} argument.
	 * </p>
	 *
	 * @param <T>      the iterable type
	 * @param iterable the iterable to check, validated not null by this method
	 * @param message  the {@link String#format(String, Object...)} exception
	 *                 message if invalid, not null
	 * @param values   the optional values for the formatted exception message, null
	 *                 array not recommended
	 * @return the validated iterable (never {@code null} method for chaining)
	 * @throws NullPointerException     if the array is {@code null}
	 * @throws IllegalArgumentException if an element is {@code null}
	 * @see #noNullElements(Iterable)
	 */
	public static <T extends Iterable<?>> T noNullElements(final T iterable, final String message,
			final Object... values) {
		notNull(iterable);
		int i = 0;
		for (final Iterator<?> it = iterable.iterator(); it.hasNext(); i++) {
			if (it.next() == null) {
				final Object[] values2 = new Object[values.length + 1];
				System.arraycopy(values, 0, values2, 0, values.length);
				values2[values.length - 1] = i;
				throw new IllegalArgumentException(HString.format(message, values2));
			}
		}
		return iterable;
	}

	/**
	 * <p>
	 * Validate that the specified argument iterable is neither {@code null} nor
	 * contains any elements that are {@code null}; otherwise throwing an exception.
	 *
	 * <pre>
	 * Validate.noNullElements(myCollection);
	 * </pre>
	 *
	 * <p>
	 * If the iterable is {@code null}, then the message in the exception is
	 * &quot;The validated object is null&quot;.
	 * </p>
	 *
	 * <p>
	 * If the array has a {@code null} element, then the message in the exception is
	 * &quot;The validated iterable contains null element at index: &quot; followed
	 * by the index.
	 * </p>
	 *
	 * @param <T>      the iterable type
	 * @param iterable the iterable to check, validated not null by this method
	 * @return the validated iterable (never {@code null} method for chaining)
	 * @throws NullPointerException     if the array is {@code null}
	 * @throws IllegalArgumentException if an element is {@code null}
	 * @see #noNullElements(Iterable, String, Object...)
	 */
	public static <T extends Iterable<?>> T noNullElements(final T iterable) {
		return noNullElements(iterable, DEFAULT_NO_NULL_ELEMENTS_COLLECTION_EX_MESSAGE);
	}

	// validIndex array
	// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------

	/**
	 * <p>
	 * Validates that the index is within the bounds of the argument array;
	 * otherwise throwing an exception with the specified message.
	 * </p>
	 *
	 * <pre>
	 * Validate.validIndex(myArray, 2, "The array index is invalid: ");
	 * </pre>
	 *
	 * <p>
	 * If the array is {@code null}, then the message of the exception is &quot;The
	 * validated object is null&quot;.
	 * </p>
	 *
	 * @param <T>     the array type
	 * @param array   the array to check, validated not null by this method
	 * @param index   the index to check
	 * @param message the {@link String#format(String, Object...)} exception message
	 *                if invalid, not null
	 * @param values  the optional values for the formatted exception message, null
	 *                array not recommended
	 * @return the validated array (never {@code null} for method chaining)
	 * @throws NullPointerException      if the array is {@code null}
	 * @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException if the index is invalid
	 * @see #validIndex(Object[], int)
	 *
	 * @since 3.0
	 */
	public static <T> T[] validIndex(final T[] array, final int index, final String message, final Object... values) {
		notNull(array);
		if (index < 0 || index >= array.length) {
			throw new IndexOutOfBoundsException(HString.format(message, values));
		}
		return array;
	}

	/**
	 * <p>
	 * Validates that the index is within the bounds of the argument array;
	 * otherwise throwing an exception.
	 * </p>
	 *
	 * <pre>
	 * Validate.validIndex(myArray, 2);
	 * </pre>
	 *
	 * <p>
	 * If the array is {@code null}, then the message of the exception is &quot;The
	 * validated object is null&quot;.
	 * </p>
	 *
	 * <p>
	 * If the index is invalid, then the message of the exception is &quot;The
	 * validated array index is invalid: &quot; followed by the index.
	 * </p>
	 *
	 * @param <T>   the array type
	 * @param array the array to check, validated not null by this method
	 * @param index the index to check
	 * @return the validated array (never {@code null} for method chaining)
	 * @throws NullPointerException      if the array is {@code null}
	 * @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException if the index is invalid
	 * @see #validIndex(Object[], int, String, Object...)
	 *
	 * @since 3.0
	 */
	public static <T> T[] validIndex(final T[] array, final int index) {
		return validIndex(array, index, DEFAULT_VALID_INDEX_ARRAY_EX_MESSAGE, Integer.valueOf(index));
	}

	// validIndex collection
	// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------

	/**
	 * <p>
	 * Validates that the index is within the bounds of the argument collection;
	 * otherwise throwing an exception with the specified message.
	 * </p>
	 *
	 * <pre>
	 * Validate.validIndex(myCollection, 2, "The collection index is invalid: ");
	 * </pre>
	 *
	 * <p>
	 * If the collection is {@code null}, then the message of the exception is
	 * &quot;The validated object is null&quot;.
	 * </p>
	 *
	 * @param <T>        the collection type
	 * @param collection the collection to check, validated not null by this method
	 * @param index      the index to check
	 * @param message    the {@link String#format(String, Object...)} exception
	 *                   message if invalid, not null
	 * @param values     the optional values for the formatted exception message,
	 *                   null array not recommended
	 * @return the validated collection (never {@code null} for chaining)
	 * @throws NullPointerException      if the collection is {@code null}
	 * @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException if the index is invalid
	 * @see #validIndex(Collection, int)
	 *
	 * @since 3.0
	 */
	public static <T extends Collection<?>> T validIndex(final T collection, final int index, final String message,
			final Object... values) {
		notNull(collection);
		if (index < 0 || index >= collection.size()) {
			throw new IndexOutOfBoundsException(HString.format(message, values));
		}
		return collection;
	}

	/**
	 * <p>
	 * Validates that the index is within the bounds of the argument collection;
	 * otherwise throwing an exception.
	 * </p>
	 *
	 * <pre>
	 * Validate.validIndex(myCollection, 2);
	 * </pre>
	 *
	 * <p>
	 * If the index is invalid, then the message of the exception is &quot;The
	 * validated collection index is invalid: &quot; followed by the index.
	 * </p>
	 *
	 * @param <T>        the collection type
	 * @param collection the collection to check, validated not null by this method
	 * @param index      the index to check
	 * @return the validated collection (never {@code null} for method chaining)
	 * @throws NullPointerException      if the collection is {@code null}
	 * @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException if the index is invalid
	 * @see #validIndex(Collection, int, String, Object...)
	 *
	 * @since 3.0
	 */
	public static <T extends Collection<?>> T validIndex(final T collection, final int index) {
		return validIndex(collection, index, DEFAULT_VALID_INDEX_COLLECTION_EX_MESSAGE, Integer.valueOf(index));
	}

	// validIndex string
	// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------

	/**
	 * <p>
	 * Validates that the index is within the bounds of the argument character
	 * sequence; otherwise throwing an exception with the specified message.
	 * </p>
	 *
	 * <pre>
	 * Validate.validIndex(myStr, 2, "The string index is invalid: ");
	 * </pre>
	 *
	 * <p>
	 * If the character sequence is {@code null}, then the message of the exception
	 * is &quot;The validated object is null&quot;.
	 * </p>
	 *
	 * @param <T>     the character sequence type
	 * @param chars   the character sequence to check, validated not null by this
	 *                method
	 * @param index   the index to check
	 * @param message the {@link String#format(String, Object...)} exception message
	 *                if invalid, not null
	 * @param values  the optional values for the formatted exception message, null
	 *                array not recommended
	 * @return the validated character sequence (never {@code null} for method
	 *         chaining)
	 * @throws NullPointerException      if the character sequence is {@code null}
	 * @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException if the index is invalid
	 * @see #validIndex(CharSequence, int)
	 *
	 * @since 3.0
	 */
	public static <T extends CharSequence> T validIndex(final T chars, final int index, final String message,
			final Object... values) {
		notNull(chars);
		if (index < 0 || index >= chars.length()) {
			throw new IndexOutOfBoundsException(HString.format(message, values));
		}
		return chars;
	}

	/**
	 * <p>
	 * Validates that the index is within the bounds of the argument character
	 * sequence; otherwise throwing an exception.
	 * </p>
	 *
	 * <pre>
	 * Validate.validIndex(myStr, 2);
	 * </pre>
	 *
	 * <p>
	 * If the character sequence is {@code null}, then the message of the exception
	 * is &quot;The validated object is null&quot;.
	 * </p>
	 *
	 * <p>
	 * If the index is invalid, then the message of the exception is &quot;The
	 * validated character sequence index is invalid: &quot; followed by the index.
	 * </p>
	 *
	 * @param <T>   the character sequence type
	 * @param chars the character sequence to check, validated not null by this
	 *              method
	 * @param index the index to check
	 * @return the validated character sequence (never {@code null} for method
	 *         chaining)
	 * @throws NullPointerException      if the character sequence is {@code null}
	 * @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException if the index is invalid
	 * @see #validIndex(CharSequence, int, String, Object...)
	 *
	 * @since 3.0
	 */
	public static <T extends CharSequence> T validIndex(final T chars, final int index) {
		return validIndex(chars, index, DEFAULT_VALID_INDEX_CHAR_SEQUENCE_EX_MESSAGE, Integer.valueOf(index));
	}

	// validState
	// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------

	/**
	 * <p>
	 * Validate that the stateful condition is {@code true}; otherwise throwing an
	 * exception. This method is useful when validating according to an arbitrary
	 * boolean expression, such as validating a primitive number or using your own
	 * custom validation expression.
	 * </p>
	 *
	 * <pre>
	 * Validate.validState(field &gt; 0);
	 * Validate.validState(this.isOk());
	 * </pre>
	 *
	 * <p>
	 * The message of the exception is &quot;The validated state is false&quot;.
	 * </p>
	 *
	 * @param expression the boolean expression to check
	 * @throws IllegalStateException if expression is {@code false}
	 * @see #validState(boolean, String, Object...)
	 *
	 * @since 3.0
	 */
	public static void validState(final boolean expression) {
		if (!expression) {
			throw new IllegalStateException(DEFAULT_VALID_STATE_EX_MESSAGE);
		}
	}

	/**
	 * <p>
	 * Validate that the stateful condition is {@code true}; otherwise throwing an
	 * exception with the specified message. This method is useful when validating
	 * according to an arbitrary boolean expression, such as validating a primitive
	 * number or using your own custom validation expression.
	 * </p>
	 *
	 * <pre>
	 * Validate.validState(this.isOk(), "The state is not OK: %s", myObject);
	 * </pre>
	 *
	 * @param expression the boolean expression to check
	 * @param message    the {@link String#format(String, Object...)} exception
	 *                   message if invalid, not null
	 * @param values     the optional values for the formatted exception message,
	 *                   null array not recommended
	 * @throws IllegalStateException if expression is {@code false}
	 * @see #validState(boolean)
	 *
	 * @since 3.0
	 */
	public static void validState(final boolean expression, final String message, final Object... values) {
		if (!expression) {
			throw new IllegalStateException(HString.format(message, values));
		}
	}

	// matchesPattern
	// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------

	/**
	 * <p>
	 * Validate that the specified argument character sequence matches the specified
	 * regular expression pattern; otherwise throwing an exception.
	 * </p>
	 *
	 * <pre>
	 * Validate.matchesPattern("hi", "[a-z]*");
	 * </pre>
	 *
	 * <p>
	 * The syntax of the pattern is the one used in the {@link Pattern} class.
	 * </p>
	 *
	 * @param input   the character sequence to validate, not null
	 * @param pattern the regular expression pattern, not null
	 * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the character sequence does not match the
	 *                                  pattern
	 * @see #matchesPattern(CharSequence, String, String, Object...)
	 *
	 * @since 3.0
	 */
	public static void matchesPattern(final CharSequence input, final String pattern) {
		// TODO when breaking BC, consider returning input
		if (!Pattern.matches(pattern, input)) {
			throw new IllegalArgumentException(HString.format(DEFAULT_MATCHES_PATTERN_EX, input, pattern));
		}
	}

	/**
	 * <p>
	 * Validate that the specified argument character sequence matches the specified
	 * regular expression pattern; otherwise throwing an exception with the
	 * specified message.
	 * </p>
	 *
	 * <pre>
	 * Validate.matchesPattern("hi", "[a-z]*", "%s does not match %s", "hi" "[a-z]*");
	 * </pre>
	 *
	 * <p>
	 * The syntax of the pattern is the one used in the {@link Pattern} class.
	 * </p>
	 *
	 * @param input   the character sequence to validate, not null
	 * @param pattern the regular expression pattern, not null
	 * @param message the {@link String#format(String, Object...)} exception message
	 *                if invalid, not null
	 * @param values  the optional values for the formatted exception message, null
	 *                array not recommended
	 * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the character sequence does not match the
	 *                                  pattern
	 * @see #matchesPattern(CharSequence, String)
	 *
	 * @since 3.0
	 */
	public static void matchesPattern(final CharSequence input, final String pattern, final String message,
			final Object... values) {
		// TODO when breaking BC, consider returning input
		if (!Pattern.matches(pattern, input)) {
			throw new IllegalArgumentException(HString.format(message, values));
		}
	}

	// notNaN
	// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------

	/**
	 * <p>
	 * Validates that the specified argument is not {@code NaN}; otherwise throwing
	 * an exception.
	 * </p>
	 *
	 * <pre>
	 * Validate.notNaN(myDouble);
	 * </pre>
	 *
	 * <p>
	 * The message of the exception is &quot;The validated value is not a
	 * number&quot;.
	 * </p>
	 *
	 * @param value the value to validate
	 * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the value is not a number
	 * @see #notNaN(double, java.lang.String, java.lang.Object...)
	 *
	 * @since 3.5
	 */
	public static void notNaN(final double value) {
		notNaN(value, DEFAULT_NOT_NAN_EX_MESSAGE);
	}

	/**
	 * <p>
	 * Validates that the specified argument is not {@code NaN}; otherwise throwing
	 * an exception with the specified message.
	 * </p>
	 *
	 * <pre>
	 * Validate.notNaN(myDouble, "The value must be a number");
	 * </pre>
	 *
	 * @param value   the value to validate
	 * @param message the {@link String#format(String, Object...)} exception message
	 *                if invalid, not null
	 * @param values  the optional values for the formatted exception message
	 * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the value is not a number
	 * @see #notNaN(double)
	 *
	 * @since 3.5
	 */
	public static void notNaN(final double value, final String message, final Object... values) {
		if (Double.isNaN(value)) {
			throw new IllegalArgumentException(HString.format(message, values));
		}
	}

	// finite
	// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------

	/**
	 * <p>
	 * Validates that the specified argument is not infinite or {@code NaN};
	 * otherwise throwing an exception.
	 * </p>
	 *
	 * <pre>
	 * Validate.finite(myDouble);
	 * </pre>
	 *
	 * <p>
	 * The message of the exception is &quot;The value is invalid: %f&quot;.
	 * </p>
	 *
	 * @param value the value to validate
	 * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the value is infinite or {@code NaN}
	 * @see #finite(double, java.lang.String, java.lang.Object...)
	 *
	 * @since 3.5
	 */
	public static void finite(final double value) {
		finite(value, DEFAULT_FINITE_EX_MESSAGE, value);
	}

	/**
	 * <p>
	 * Validates that the specified argument is not infinite or {@code NaN};
	 * otherwise throwing an exception with the specified message.
	 * </p>
	 *
	 * <pre>
	 * Validate.finite(myDouble, "The argument must contain a numeric value");
	 * </pre>
	 *
	 * @param value   the value to validate
	 * @param message the {@link String#format(String, Object...)} exception message
	 *                if invalid, not null
	 * @param values  the optional values for the formatted exception message
	 * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the value is infinite or {@code NaN}
	 * @see #finite(double)
	 *
	 * @since 3.5
	 */
	public static void finite(final double value, final String message, final Object... values) {
		if (Double.isNaN(value) || Double.isInfinite(value)) {
			throw new IllegalArgumentException(HString.format(message, values));
		}
	}

	// inclusiveBetween
	// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------

	/**
	 * <p>
	 * Validate that the specified argument object fall between the two inclusive
	 * values specified; otherwise, throws an exception.
	 * </p>
	 *
	 * <pre>
	 * Validate.inclusiveBetween(0, 2, 1);
	 * </pre>
	 *
	 * @param <T>   the type of the argument object
	 * @param start the inclusive start value, not null
	 * @param end   the inclusive end value, not null
	 * @param value the object to validate, not null
	 * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the value falls outside the boundaries
	 * @see #inclusiveBetween(Object, Object, Comparable, String, Object...)
	 *
	 * @since 3.0
	 */
	public static <T> void inclusiveBetween(final T start, final T end, final Comparable<T> value) {
		// TODO when breaking BC, consider returning value
		if (value.compareTo(start) < 0 || value.compareTo(end) > 0) {
			throw new IllegalArgumentException(HString.format(DEFAULT_INCLUSIVE_BETWEEN_EX_MESSAGE, value, start, end));
		}
	}

	/**
	 * <p>
	 * Validate that the specified argument object fall between the two inclusive
	 * values specified; otherwise, throws an exception with the specified message.
	 * </p>
	 *
	 * <pre>
	 * Validate.inclusiveBetween(0, 2, 1, "Not in boundaries");
	 * </pre>
	 *
	 * @param <T>     the type of the argument object
	 * @param start   the inclusive start value, not null
	 * @param end     the inclusive end value, not null
	 * @param value   the object to validate, not null
	 * @param message the {@link String#format(String, Object...)} exception message
	 *                if invalid, not null
	 * @param values  the optional values for the formatted exception message, null
	 *                array not recommended
	 * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the value falls outside the boundaries
	 * @see #inclusiveBetween(Object, Object, Comparable)
	 *
	 * @since 3.0
	 */
	public static <T> void inclusiveBetween(final T start, final T end, final Comparable<T> value, final String message,
			final Object... values) {
		// TODO when breaking BC, consider returning value
		if (value.compareTo(start) < 0 || value.compareTo(end) > 0) {
			throw new IllegalArgumentException(HString.format(message, values));
		}
	}

	/**
	 * Validate that the specified primitive value falls between the two inclusive
	 * values specified; otherwise, throws an exception.
	 *
	 * <pre>
	 * Validate.inclusiveBetween(0, 2, 1);
	 * </pre>
	 *
	 * @param start the inclusive start value
	 * @param end   the inclusive end value
	 * @param value the value to validate
	 * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the value falls outside the boundaries
	 *                                  (inclusive)
	 *
	 * @since 3.3
	 */
	@SuppressWarnings("boxing")
	public static void inclusiveBetween(final long start, final long end, final long value) {
		// TODO when breaking BC, consider returning value
		if (value < start || value > end) {
			throw new IllegalArgumentException(HString.format(DEFAULT_INCLUSIVE_BETWEEN_EX_MESSAGE, value, start, end));
		}
	}

	/**
	 * Validate that the specified primitive value falls between the two inclusive
	 * values specified; otherwise, throws an exception with the specified message.
	 *
	 * <pre>
	 * Validate.inclusiveBetween(0, 2, 1, "Not in range");
	 * </pre>
	 *
	 * @param start   the inclusive start value
	 * @param end     the inclusive end value
	 * @param value   the value to validate
	 * @param message the exception message if invalid, not null
	 *
	 * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the value falls outside the boundaries
	 *
	 * @since 3.3
	 */
	public static void inclusiveBetween(final long start, final long end, final long value, final String message) {
		// TODO when breaking BC, consider returning value
		if (value < start || value > end) {
			throw new IllegalArgumentException(message);
		}
	}

	/**
	 * Validate that the specified primitive value falls between the two inclusive
	 * values specified; otherwise, throws an exception.
	 *
	 * <pre>
	 * Validate.inclusiveBetween(0.1, 2.1, 1.1);
	 * </pre>
	 *
	 * @param start the inclusive start value
	 * @param end   the inclusive end value
	 * @param value the value to validate
	 * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the value falls outside the boundaries
	 *                                  (inclusive)
	 *
	 * @since 3.3
	 */
	@SuppressWarnings("boxing")
	public static void inclusiveBetween(final double start, final double end, final double value) {
		// TODO when breaking BC, consider returning value
		if (value < start || value > end) {
			throw new IllegalArgumentException(HString.format(DEFAULT_INCLUSIVE_BETWEEN_EX_MESSAGE, value, start, end));
		}
	}

	/**
	 * Validate that the specified primitive value falls between the two inclusive
	 * values specified; otherwise, throws an exception with the specified message.
	 *
	 * <pre>
	 * Validate.inclusiveBetween(0.1, 2.1, 1.1, "Not in range");
	 * </pre>
	 *
	 * @param start   the inclusive start value
	 * @param end     the inclusive end value
	 * @param value   the value to validate
	 * @param message the exception message if invalid, not null
	 *
	 * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the value falls outside the boundaries
	 *
	 * @since 3.3
	 */
	public static void inclusiveBetween(final double start, final double end, final double value,
			final String message) {
		// TODO when breaking BC, consider returning value
		if (value < start || value > end) {
			throw new IllegalArgumentException(message);
		}
	}

	// exclusiveBetween
	// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------

	/**
	 * <p>
	 * Validate that the specified argument object fall between the two exclusive
	 * values specified; otherwise, throws an exception.
	 * </p>
	 *
	 * <pre>
	 * Validate.exclusiveBetween(0, 2, 1);
	 * </pre>
	 *
	 * @param <T>   the type of the argument object
	 * @param start the exclusive start value, not null
	 * @param end   the exclusive end value, not null
	 * @param value the object to validate, not null
	 * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the value falls outside the boundaries
	 * @see #exclusiveBetween(Object, Object, Comparable, String, Object...)
	 *
	 * @since 3.0
	 */
	public static <T> void exclusiveBetween(final T start, final T end, final Comparable<T> value) {
		// TODO when breaking BC, consider returning value
		if (value.compareTo(start) <= 0 || value.compareTo(end) >= 0) {
			throw new IllegalArgumentException(HString.format(DEFAULT_EXCLUSIVE_BETWEEN_EX_MESSAGE, value, start, end));
		}
	}

	/**
	 * <p>
	 * Validate that the specified argument object fall between the two exclusive
	 * values specified; otherwise, throws an exception with the specified message.
	 * </p>
	 *
	 * <pre>
	 * Validate.exclusiveBetween(0, 2, 1, "Not in boundaries");
	 * </pre>
	 *
	 * @param <T>     the type of the argument object
	 * @param start   the exclusive start value, not null
	 * @param end     the exclusive end value, not null
	 * @param value   the object to validate, not null
	 * @param message the {@link String#format(String, Object...)} exception message
	 *                if invalid, not null
	 * @param values  the optional values for the formatted exception message, null
	 *                array not recommended
	 * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the value falls outside the boundaries
	 * @see #exclusiveBetween(Object, Object, Comparable)
	 *
	 * @since 3.0
	 */
	public static <T> void exclusiveBetween(final T start, final T end, final Comparable<T> value, final String message,
			final Object... values) {
		// TODO when breaking BC, consider returning value
		if (value.compareTo(start) <= 0 || value.compareTo(end) >= 0) {
			throw new IllegalArgumentException(HString.format(message, values));
		}
	}

	/**
	 * Validate that the specified primitive value falls between the two exclusive
	 * values specified; otherwise, throws an exception.
	 *
	 * <pre>
	 * Validate.exclusiveBetween(0, 2, 1);
	 * </pre>
	 *
	 * @param start the exclusive start value
	 * @param end   the exclusive end value
	 * @param value the value to validate
	 * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the value falls out of the boundaries
	 *
	 * @since 3.3
	 */
	@SuppressWarnings("boxing")
	public static void exclusiveBetween(final long start, final long end, final long value) {
		// TODO when breaking BC, consider returning value
		if (value <= start || value >= end) {
			throw new IllegalArgumentException(HString.format(DEFAULT_EXCLUSIVE_BETWEEN_EX_MESSAGE, value, start, end));
		}
	}

	/**
	 * Validate that the specified primitive value falls between the two exclusive
	 * values specified; otherwise, throws an exception with the specified message.
	 *
	 * <pre>
	 * Validate.exclusiveBetween(0, 2, 1, "Not in range");
	 * </pre>
	 *
	 * @param start   the exclusive start value
	 * @param end     the exclusive end value
	 * @param value   the value to validate
	 * @param message the exception message if invalid, not null
	 *
	 * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the value falls outside the boundaries
	 *
	 * @since 3.3
	 */
	public static void exclusiveBetween(final long start, final long end, final long value, final String message) {
		// TODO when breaking BC, consider returning value
		if (value <= start || value >= end) {
			throw new IllegalArgumentException(message);
		}
	}

	/**
	 * Validate that the specified primitive value falls between the two exclusive
	 * values specified; otherwise, throws an exception.
	 *
	 * <pre>
	 * Validate.exclusiveBetween(0.1, 2.1, 1.1);
	 * </pre>
	 *
	 * @param start the exclusive start value
	 * @param end   the exclusive end value
	 * @param value the value to validate
	 * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the value falls out of the boundaries
	 *
	 * @since 3.3
	 */
	@SuppressWarnings("boxing")
	public static void exclusiveBetween(final double start, final double end, final double value) {
		// TODO when breaking BC, consider returning value
		if (value <= start || value >= end) {
			throw new IllegalArgumentException(HString.format(DEFAULT_EXCLUSIVE_BETWEEN_EX_MESSAGE, value, start, end));
		}
	}

	/**
	 * Validate that the specified primitive value falls between the two exclusive
	 * values specified; otherwise, throws an exception with the specified message.
	 *
	 * <pre>
	 * Validate.exclusiveBetween(0.1, 2.1, 1.1, "Not in range");
	 * </pre>
	 *
	 * @param start   the exclusive start value
	 * @param end     the exclusive end value
	 * @param value   the value to validate
	 * @param message the exception message if invalid, not null
	 *
	 * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the value falls outside the boundaries
	 *
	 * @since 3.3
	 */
	public static void exclusiveBetween(final double start, final double end, final double value,
			final String message) {
		// TODO when breaking BC, consider returning value
		if (value <= start || value >= end) {
			throw new IllegalArgumentException(message);
		}
	}

	// isInstanceOf
	// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------

	/**
	 * Validates that the argument is an instance of the specified class, if not
	 * throws an exception.
	 *
	 * <p>
	 * This method is useful when validating according to an arbitrary class
	 * </p>
	 *
	 * <pre>
	 * Validate.isInstanceOf(OkClass.class, object);
	 * </pre>
	 *
	 * <p>
	 * The message of the exception is &quot;Expected type: {type}, actual:
	 * {obj_type}&quot;
	 * </p>
	 *
	 * @param type the class the object must be validated against, not null
	 * @param obj  the object to check, null throws an exception
	 * @throws IllegalArgumentException if argument is not of specified class
	 * @see #isInstanceOf(Class, Object, String, Object...)
	 *
	 * @since 3.0
	 */
	public static void isInstanceOf(final Class<?> type, final Object obj) {
		// TODO when breaking BC, consider returning obj
		if (!type.isInstance(obj)) {
			throw new IllegalArgumentException(HString.format(DEFAULT_IS_INSTANCE_OF_EX_MESSAGE, type.getName(),
					obj == null ? "null" : obj.getClass().getName()));
		}
	}

	/**
	 * <p>
	 * Validate that the argument is an instance of the specified class; otherwise
	 * throwing an exception with the specified message. This method is useful when
	 * validating according to an arbitrary class
	 * </p>
	 *
	 * <pre>
	 * Validate.isInstanceOf(OkClass.class, object, "Wrong class, object is of class %s", object.getClass().getName());
	 * </pre>
	 *
	 * @param type    the class the object must be validated against, not null
	 * @param obj     the object to check, null throws an exception
	 * @param message the {@link String#format(String, Object...)} exception message
	 *                if invalid, not null
	 * @param values  the optional values for the formatted exception message, null
	 *                array not recommended
	 * @throws IllegalArgumentException if argument is not of specified class
	 * @see #isInstanceOf(Class, Object)
	 *
	 * @since 3.0
	 */
	public static void isInstanceOf(final Class<?> type, final Object obj, final String message,
			final Object... values) {
		// TODO when breaking BC, consider returning obj
		if (!type.isInstance(obj)) {
			throw new IllegalArgumentException(HString.format(message, values));
		}
	}

	// isAssignableFrom
	// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------

	/**
	 * Validates that the argument can be converted to the specified class, if not,
	 * throws an exception.
	 *
	 * <p>
	 * This method is useful when validating that there will be no casting errors.
	 * </p>
	 *
	 * <pre>
	 * Validate.isAssignableFrom(SuperClass.class, object.getClass());
	 * </pre>
	 *
	 * <p>
	 * The message format of the exception is &quot;Cannot assign {type} to
	 * {superType}&quot;
	 * </p>
	 *
	 * @param superType the class the class must be validated against, not null
	 * @param type      the class to check, not null
	 * @throws IllegalArgumentException if type argument is not assignable to the
	 *                                  specified superType
	 * @see #isAssignableFrom(Class, Class, String, Object...)
	 *
	 * @since 3.0
	 */
	public static void isAssignableFrom(final Class<?> superType, final Class<?> type) {
		// TODO when breaking BC, consider returning type
		if (!superType.isAssignableFrom(type)) {
			throw new IllegalArgumentException(HString.format(DEFAULT_IS_ASSIGNABLE_EX_MESSAGE,
					type == null ? "null" : type.getName(), superType.getName()));
		}
	}

	/**
	 * Validates that the argument can be converted to the specified class, if not
	 * throws an exception.
	 *
	 * <p>
	 * This method is useful when validating if there will be no casting errors.
	 * </p>
	 *
	 * <pre>
	 * Validate.isAssignableFrom(SuperClass.class, object.getClass());
	 * </pre>
	 *
	 * <p>
	 * The message of the exception is &quot;The validated object can not be
	 * converted to the&quot; followed by the name of the class and
	 * &quot;class&quot;
	 * </p>
	 *
	 * @param superType the class the class must be validated against, not null
	 * @param type      the class to check, not null
	 * @param message   the {@link String#format(String, Object...)} exception
	 *                  message if invalid, not null
	 * @param values    the optional values for the formatted exception message,
	 *                  null array not recommended
	 * @throws IllegalArgumentException if argument can not be converted to the
	 *                                  specified class
	 * @see #isAssignableFrom(Class, Class)
	 */
	public static void isAssignableFrom(final Class<?> superType, final Class<?> type, final String message,
			final Object... values) {
		// TODO when breaking BC, consider returning type
		if (!superType.isAssignableFrom(type)) {
			throw new IllegalArgumentException(HString.format(message, values));
		}
	}
}